the ideal approach for adequate management of subclinical hyperthyroidism (low levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone [tsh] and normal thyroid hormone level) is a matter of intense debate among endocrinologists. the prevalence of low serum tsh levels ranges between 0.5% in children and 15% in the elderly population. mild subclinical hyperthyroidism is more common than severe subclinical hyperthy...

background the non-revenue water refers to a difference between the volume of water entering the system and billed authorized consumption. objectives the main purpose of this study is to determine the volume of non-revenue water in order to recognize the factors influencing water losses so that the information gathered can used in non-revenue water reduction management. materials and methods ka...

conclusions development of novel drugs and diagnostic tests has allowed us to better manage vl. although leishmaniasis is one of the oldest known parasitic infectious diseases, increasing prevalence of vl among specific populations, recent reports of disease reactivation and flare-up in clinically asymptomatic patients after the onset of immunosuppressive therapy, the risk of disease acquisitio...

abstract background: chronic illnesses such as coronary heart disease are among the most prevalent and costly of all global health problems. coronary heart disease is a leading cause of death worldwide, including iran. one aspect of living with chronic illness is self-management which can reduce the impact of illness on daily life and maintain the quality of life. a qualitative understanding of...

introduction: to present our experience about the safety of conservative management in asymptomatic and non-complicated hepatic hydatid cyst in pregnancy.   methods: seven pregnant patients with hepatic hydatid cysts as an incidental finding in routine obstetrical ultrasonography were referred to our center during 2001 to 2008. three patients were visited in the second and the rest in the third...

â  upper gastrointestinal tract (gastroduodenal) crohn’s disease (cd) is an uncommon condition, occurring in about 1-5% of all cd cases. our case was an extremely rare manifestation of cd, who presented with distal duodenal obstruction. as preoperative diagnosis was not estabâ­lished he underwent segmental resection and end-to-end anastomosis. postoperative small bowel fistulae were not obser...

context functional humeral bracing remains the gold standard for treatment of humeral shaft fractures. there is an increasing trend in the literature to perform operative fixation of these fractures. evidence acquisition the aim of this systematic review was to compare the level one evidence for the outcome of non-operative with operative management of humeral shaft fractures in adults. a compr...