Even by their simple presence, people can discourage crime from happening at specijic times and places. Such direct-contact discouragement can occur when "guardians" keep an eye on potential crime targets (Cohen and Felson, 1979), or when "handlers" do the same for potential offenders (Felson, 1986). Eck (1994) adds a third type of discouragement role: "managers" who monitor places. Eck present...

A stylized empirical fact is the rather substantial portion of SMEs who although in need of bank credit, do not apply for a loan, due to fear of possible rejection. Non-applying in-need borrowers are known as 'discouraged borrowers'. We propose a new perspective for modelling discouraged potential bank borrowers, based on a Real Options explanation. A loan application decision is clearly not a ...

This paper analyses the transitions from unemployment into employment and out-of-labour force using a mixed proportional hazard framework. The regional differences in the transition intensities, individual effects and discouragement probability are investigated using Danish registry data for 1985-1998. The transition intensity from unemployment into employment is decreasing and the intensity in...

A Search Model of Discouragement Discouragement is a process occurring during an unemployment spell. As the spell prolongs, an individual gradually realises that the returns to search can no longer outweigh search costs, and hence she may eventually leave the labour force. This is analysed theoretically in a framework of unemployed search. We construct a search model, which is stationary from t...

This paper uses a new survey-based data set and a model with strong theoretical underpinnings to explain the characteristics and behaviour of discouraged borrowers in the euro area. The results show that more borrowers are discouraged when the average interest rate charged by banks in a country is higher. Higher corporate tax rates, on the other hand, lead to lower discouragement. We show that ...

Recent entrepreneurial finance literature identifies ‘borrower discouragement’ as an important phenomenon explaining why female entrepreneurs hold less capital to grow their venture. But how do you become a discouraged borrower? We apply grounded theory interviews with Tanzanian and model the process via which these discouraged. Our suggests that negative perceptions regarding loan application,...

Abstract In this paper, we investigate whether innovative small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are more likely to be discouraged from applying for external finance than non-innovators. These so-called borrowers credit worthy SMEs who choose not apply despite the fact that is needed. We find undertaking pure product joint process innovation have a significantly higher incidence of borrower...