The contamination of ores with wastes or materials of lower than the cut-off grade is referred to as dilution. Dilution is an undesirable phenomenon that, on one hand, reduces the product grade and, consequently, reduces the sales prices and, on the other hand, adds an extra cost to waste production. Therefore, studying and evaluating the dilution risk is important in mining, and especially in ...

We study how contingent capital that converts in equity ahead of default affects bank risk-shifting. Going concern conversion restores equity value in highly levered states, thus reducing heightened risk incentives. In contrast, conversion at default for traditional bail-inable debt has no effect on endogenous risk. The main beneficial effect comes from reduced leverage at conversion. In contra...

We now know that many of the common diseases that afflict human populations are at least partly caused by the genes we inherit. In contrast to the classic rare ‘‘Mendelian’’ genetic diseases, where inheritance of rare but severe mutations at a single gene can make the difference between sickness and health, the genetic risk of getting common maladies like, for example, Alzheimer disease, diabet...

Aggregation is thought to enhance an animal's security through effective predator detection and the dilution of risk. A decline in individual vigilance as group size increases is commonly reported in the literature and called the group size effect. However, to date, most of the research has only been directed toward examining whether this effect occurs at the population level. Few studies have ...

AIMS To estimate the combined contribution of serum total cholesterol, blood pressure and cigarette smoking to coronary heart disease (CHD) risk after adjustment for regression dilution bias. METHODS AND RESULTS Six thousand, five hundred and thirteen middle-aged British men without CHD were followed for major CHD events over 10 years. The population attributable risk fraction (PARF) was pred...

Worldwide cardiovascular diseases account for half of all deaths in middle age (and considerable additional disability) and one third of all deaths in old age. Most of these deaths involve ischaemic heart disease (IHD) or stroke. Epidemiological studies carried out over the last half century have shown that cigarette smoking, elevated blood pressure and dyslipidaemia increase the risk of cardio...