abstract: the present study is an attempt to find out cultural exophoric references in iranian high-school elt textbooks and touch stone series to compare the frequency of occurrence of such references in these books. the purpose is to find out which of the series of the books under investigation impose a greater referential burden on efl learners as far as their reading comprehension of the ...

the present study aimed to investigate representation of discourse markers and metadiscourse markers in conversations and readings of general elt coursebook series used in the language centers of iran. to this aim, four elt coursebooks popularly taught in language centers of this country were analyzed based on fung and carter’s (2007) framework regarding discourse markers and hyland’s (2005) fr...

Felsic volcanic rocks embrace a portion of the volcanic succession in Kajan area of Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic assemblage. Based on trace elemental abundances and patterns, the felsic rocks might be attributed to two distinct series. In one series, normalized trace and REE patterns are rather flat (La/Yb<17) but display negative Ti, P, Sr and Eu anomalies. This series, which is called normal calc...