Due to the gradual revelation of the qur‟ānic verses in line with the events of the prophethood of Prophet Muḥammad (s) era, the reports of the battles of early days of Islam are reflected in some verses, and in some others Jihād and fighting against disbelievers has been emphasized. This has been used as a pretext by some to unintentionally or purposively introduce the Qur‟ān as a book that in...

The discourse of religious tolerance is often overlooked by scholars rather than theoretical. Qur’ān 60: 8-9 the attitude towards tolerance, which being debated. discussion revolves around interpreting verse with its abrogated position (mansūkh), history verses calling for jihād (war) against non-Muslims, and modern context. interpretations these two were studied three different Muslim scholars...

The study of conoict and cooperation has been an enduring task of scholars, with the most recent arguments being between realists and neoliberal institutionalists.1 Most students of the subject believe that realists argue that international politics is characterized by great conoict and that institutions play only a small role. They also believe that neoliberals claim that cooperation is more e...