Abstract—A novel dual-mode bandpass filter (BPF) using stubloaded defected ground open-loop resonator is proposed in this article. Defected arrow-shaped stub is loaded to a defected ground openloop resonator, and two non-degenerate modes are excited for dualmode characteristics. Based on evenand odd-mode theory, dualmode characteristics of the resonator is analyzed. Design equations for the def...

Grapheme–colour synaesthesia is a neurodevelopmental condition wherein perception of numbers and letters consistently involuntarily elicits concurrent experiences colour photisms. Accumulating evidence suggests that heterogeneity in the visuospatial phenomenology attributable to operation top-down processes underlying photisms experienced as representations associator synaesthetes bottom-up sub...

This paper focuses on acoustic modeling in speech recognition. A novel approach how to build grapheme based acoustic models with conversion from existing phoneme based acoustic models is proposed. The grapheme based acoustic models are created as weighted sum from monophone acoustic models. The influence of particular monophone is determined with the phoneme to grapheme confusion matrix. Furthe...

Large vocabulary speech recognition systems traditionally represent words in terms of subword units, usually phonemes. This paper investigates the potential of graphemes acting as subunits. In order to develop context dependent grapheme based speech recognizers several decision tree based clustering procedures are performed and compared to each other. Grapheme based speech recognizers in three ...

The state-of-the-art automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems typically use phonemes as subword units. In this work, we present a novel grapheme-based ASR system that jointly models phoneme and grapheme information using Kullback-Leibler divergence-based HMM system (KL-HMM). More specifically, the underlying subword unit models are grapheme units and the phonetic information is captured throu...

Grapheme based mono-, crossand bilingual speech recognition of Czech and Slovak is presented in the paper. The training and testing procedures follow the MASPER initiative that was formed as a part of the COST 278 Action. All experiments were performed using Czech and Slovak SpeechDat-E databases. Grapheme-based models gave equivalent recognition performance compared to phoneme-based models in ...

Grapheme-color synesthetes experience specific colors associated with specific number or letter characters. To determine the neural locus of this condition, we compared behavioral and fMRI responses in six grapheme-color synesthetes to control subjects. In our behavioral experiments, we found that a subject's synesthetic experience can aid in texture segregation (experiment 1) and reduce the ef...

We present a novel method for automatically enhancing (or diminishing) the legibility of typefaces without altering grapheme size or energy. Just as caricature generators enhance those features which most distinguish a targeted face from the average face, we generate an enhanced grapheme by exaggerating those aspects which distinguish that grapheme from an average grapheme. More particularly, w...

Recent progress in grapheme-color synesthesia research has revealed that certain regularities, as well as individual differences, figure into grapheme-color associations. Although several factors are known to regulate grapheme-color associations, the impact of factors, including their interrelationships, on synesthesia remains unclear. We investigated determinants of synesthetic color for graph...