Ann Brown (1992) and Allan Collins (1992) introduced the term design experiment in 1992 as an innovative approach to educational research. Today, commonly termed design-based research (DBR), the approach itself is still very much being designed. There is a general consensus that DBR standards need to be set by addressing such questions as: What kinds of knowledge should DBR be expected generate...

Direct behavior rating (DBR) has been described as a hybrid of systematic direct observation and behavior rating scales. Although single-item (DBR-SIS) and multi-item (DBR-MIS) methods have been advocated, the overwhelming majority of research attention has focused on DBR-SIS. This study employed generalizability theory to compare the dependability of the two DBR methods for two behaviors (Acad...

The distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) has been widely used in flip-chip micro light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) because of its high reflectivity. However, the conventional double-stack DBR a strong angular dependence and narrow reflective bandwidth. Here, we propose wide reflected angle Ti3O5/SiO2 (WRA-DBR) for AlGaInP-based red GaN-based green/blue micro-LEDs (RGB micro-LEDs) to overcome draw...

statement of problem: bitewing radiograph is the main reference for diagnosis of proximal and recurrent caries. there is no software for gathering and analyzing radiologists’ opinion in the field of caries detection on digital bitewing radiograph (dbr). objectives: the main aim of this study is to introduce the first windows application that could be used for marking caries on dbr. this softwar...

We report the fabrication of a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) on a silver ion-exchanged glass waveguide with a patterned overlay of sputter-deposited amorphous silicon (a-Si). Using this high-refractive-index overlay DBR technology, we demonstrate a fully functional glass-integrated optic add-drop multiplexer (OADM). The OADM consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) containing overlay...

Having an efficient location management scheme for mobile stations (MSs) is very important for optimizing the performance of mobile cellular systems. In this study, a distance-based registration (DBR) scheme and an enhanced DBR scheme are examined. According to computer simulations on the DBR scheme, we show that most MSs tend to distribute around the center of the location area. This centraliz...

Significant enhancement in the direct amplitude modulation bandwidth of an SG-DBR laser has been demonstrated under strong injectionlocking conditions, where the wavelength detuning between the master and the free-running SG-DBR slave laser is varied from 28.58 to 13.6 nm. It is demonstrated that the relaxation resonance frequency of a strongly injection-locked SG-DBR laser increases from 1.05 ...

We consider distance-based registration (DBR). DBR causes a mobile station (MS) to reregister when the distance between the current base station (BS) and the BS with which it last registered exceeds a distance threshold. The addition of implicit registration to DBR (DBIR) was proposed to improve the performance of DBR, and its performance has also been presented using a continuous-time Markov c...

The California Department of Transportation uses Dowel Bar Retrofit (DBR) as a rehabilitation strategy for concrete pavements. Two test sections were dowel bar retrofitted and a third section was designated for control on US 101 near Ukiah, California. All three sections were subjected to accelerated pavement testing using the Heavy Vehicle Simulator (HVS). The HVS results demonstrated a large ...

Since the first descriptions of design-based research (DBR), there have been continued calls to better define DBR and increase its rigor. Here we address four uncertainties about DBR: (a) the phases of the DBR process, (b) what distinguishes DBR from other forms of research, (c) what distinguishes DBR from design, and (d) the characteristics of DBR that make it effective for answering certain t...