A fundamental problem facing the worldwide process of democratization is the continued lack of gender equality in political leadership. The basic facts are not in dispute: Today women represent only one in seven parliamentarians, one in ten cabinet ministers, and, at the apex of power, one in 20 heads of state or government. Multiple factors have contributed to this situation, including structu...

This paper examines the obstacles of marriage and analyzes the tendency towards marriage in Hamedan Province. This paper uses survey data required a sample of 400 young individuals by using a multistage cluster sampling and stratified random sampling. The main obstacles of marriage in this study in terms of priority, were cultural obstacles with an average rank (4.94), social obstacles with an ...

We employ an agent-based model for cultural dynamics to investigate the effects of spatial heterogeneities on collective behavior a social system. introduce heterogeneity as random distribution defects or imperfections in two-dimensional lattice. Two types are considered separately: obstacles that represent geographic features, and opinion leaders, described agents exerting unidirectional influ...

the main purpose of this research was to analyze socio-cultural obstacles of disseminating ofnanotechnology in iran's agricultural section. one hundred twenty eight out of a total of 190researchers with different levels of expertise in and familiarity with nanotechnology wererandomly selected and questionnaires completed by them. face validity have been done by expert'ssuggestion and correction...

literary criticism is one of the most challenging courses, if not the most problematic course, to teach on the curriculum of literature in iranian universities. this course has in fact been designed to familiarise students with a variety of critical approaches to literature. as such, faculty members who teach this course are required to cover a range of theories that often negate or dialectical...

T wenty years ago, David (one of the authors this article) was director a community college library in town with no public library. The college’s teacher education program excuse enough to maintain strong children’s collection, and kids from nearby elementary school would often spend afternoon Two particular stand out: sister brother who were nearly every day. They shy staff, but their enthusia...

in recent years, various attempts have been made by media managers to achieve a framework to move from conventional newsrooms to convergent newsrooms.so it seems that the recognition of obstacles and barriers faced by newsrooms attaches of great importance. this research is a complete series of these challenges in four categories, including: technological, organizational, cultural and instituti...

This paper reviews some of the main obstacles encountered by the population (or rather by different social groups) in accessing health services in Arab countries. These obstacles can be social and cultural, administrative and organizational or financial and may impact on gender and ethnic groups to different degrees. Governments are urged to address the health inequalities that result from thes...