Let (G;N) be a pair of groups. In this article, first we con-struct a relative central extension for the pair (G;N) such that specialtypes of covering pair of (G;N) are homomorphic image of it. Second, weshow that every perfect pair admits at least one covering pair. Finally,among extending some properties of perfect groups to perfect pairs, wecharacterize covering pairs of a perfect pair (G;N)...

The present study introduced a novel hierarchical hub set covering problem with capacity constraints. This study showed the significance of fixed charge costs for locating facilities, assigning hub links and designing a productivity network. The proposed model employs mixed integer programming to locate facilities and establish links between nodes according to the travel time between an origin-...

We introduce the notion of a duality pair and demonstrate how the left half of such a pair is “often” covering and preenveloping. As an application, we generalize a result by Enochs et al. on Auslander and Bass classes, and we prove that the class of Gorenstein injective modules—introduced by Enochs and Jenda—is covering when the ground ring has a dualizing complex.

We consider a special packing-covering pair of problems. The packing problem is a natural generalization of finding a (weighted) maximum independent set in an interval graph, the covering problem generalizes the problem of finding a (weighted) minimum clique cover in an interval graph. The problem pair involves weights and capacities; we consider the case of unit weights and the case of unit ca...

A bstract The classical bicovering problem seeks to cover all pairs from a v-set by a family F of k-sets so that every pair occurs at least twice and the cardinality of F is minimaL A weight function is introduced for blocks in such a design, and its use in constructing bicoverings is illustrated. A covering is a collection of k-sets (blocks) chosen from elements of a v-set so that each pair fr...