conclusions there is a need to conduct more comprehensive studies on effect of combination therapy with corticosteroids and antibiotics as well as their short-term and long-term adverse effects on the immune system. while injecting corticosteroids is commonly administered in patients with rti, they are not recommended due to the lack of data on their long-term therapeutic and adverse effects. p...

cough is a common reason for seeking medical advices for children. cough is a natural defense mechanism and can frequently occur in healthy children and can be increased by urban living and polluted cities. thus, previous history, cough exacerbations factors and quality of cough are very helpful in diagnosis of pathological cough. there are different definitions for chronic cough. in this artic...

background: recent studies indicate an increased incidence of pertussis disease in recent years. the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the acellular vaccine for children (as a replacement of current whole cell vaccine in the expanded program on immunization) and for high-risk adults in iran through updating current best available evidence.   methods: we performed a systematic li...

results the results showed that all the strains had the dominant allele ptxs1a. there were differences between the alleles of the clinical strains and the vaccine strain. conclusions in recent years, a significant increase in the incidence of pertussis has been reported worldwide. our findings regarding the allelic shift of the ptxs1 gene are similar to those reported in many european and ameri...

introduction: foreign body ingestion is common among children and more common in boys and in children under the age of 3. it can present with a wide variety of symptoms like dysphagia and drooling or symptoms related to the upper aerodigestive tract.   case report: a 20-month-old male presented with refractory croup and poor feeding since 2 weeks. bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy was performed du...