Various models of organization for networks of financial cooperatives are found around the world. The current situation, especially in terms of quality of governance, outreach and efficiency, appears to have been influenced significantly by the importance placed on the type of network organization chosen in the past. For example, European federated networks of financial cooperatives present cer...

Black farmers in America have had a long and arduous struggle to own land and to operate independently. For more than a century after the Civil War, deficient civil rights and various economic and social barriers were applied to maintaining a system where many blacks worked as farm operators with a limited and often total lack of opportunity to achieve ownership and operating independence. Dimi...

Black farmers in America have had a long and arduous struggle to own land and to operate independently. For more than a century after the Civil War, deficient civil rights and various economic and social barriers were applied to maintaining a system where many blacks worked as farm operators with a limited and often total lack of opportunity to achieve ownership and operating independence. Dimi...

A topic of recent interest in the retail financial sector has been the growth of credit unions or “pure cooperatives”. Past credit union researchers built mathematical models of credit union operations. These models identified important operating characteristics but were modeled under assumptions of static operating environments. The model presented in this paper departs from the traditional st...

Excessive leverage is one of the most important problems facing Italian agricultural cooperatives as the competition in the EU intensifies. An empirical study of 500 agricultural cooperatives supports the hypothesis that cooperatives characterized as having “powerful managers” have a capital structure that is significantly different from the “nonpowerful manager” cooperatives. Powerful manager ...

This study analyzes the participation of Brazilian credit unions in provision microcredit period from 2017 to 2019. The cooperatives belonging four main cooperative systems country were considered: Cresol, Sicoob, Sicredi and Unicred. To meet proposed objective, a documentary research was carried out as survey secondary data official agencies, addition financial accounting reports analyzed inst...

Joseph D. Coffey a poor measure because many farmers hold My remarks will be divided into three parts. multiple memberships, sometimes even in the First, I will comment briefly on the nature of same cooperative. Furthermore, a cooperfarmer cooperatives. Secondly, I will briefly ative member may be an individual farmer or critique Christy's four main points. Third, I it may be a multi-million do...