hepatitis b virus (hbv) is the most prevalent viral infection and is among the leading causes of human liver diseases. nearly 360 millions of people are world widely infected with prolonged forms of hepatitis b including active and inactive chronic forms. chronic hepatitis b (chb) is associated with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) in patients suffering from congenital and/or acquir...

biv is a well-known bovine immunosup-pressive cause, but its pathogenesis has not been well characterized. it seems that it is possible that cofactors such as co- infection with other bovine viral pathogens may play a role in enhancing the pathogenesis of biv infection; bvdv also has immunosuppressive effects. objective: the aim of this study was determination of possible correlation between bi...

background : gb virus c (gbv-c) is a flavivirus that was characterized in 1995. the prevalence of gbv-c rna in hiv-in­fected subjects has not been previously studied in iran and was therefore determined. methods: we have investigated serum samples of 80 patients from imam khomeini hospital, tehran, iran, whose hiv in­fection was confirmed in our laboratory by western-blotting. we used nested-pc...

background co-infection with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) is common due to shared routes of transmission, as reported approximately 10% of 33 million hiv-infected patients worldwide are chronically infected with hbv. mutations of hbsag especially within the “a” determinant could alter the antigenicity of the protein, causing failure of hbsag neutralization and ...

conclusions advocacy and publicity to raise awareness of the potential public health impact of hsv and hiv co-infection in nigeria, where anti-hsv testing is not generally performed in all populations, is therefore recommended. background herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) is normally associated with orofacial (orolabial) infections and encephalitis, whereas hsv-2 usually causes genital infections ...

conclusions patients with hiv/aids are more likely to acquire other stis, because the same behaviors that increase the risk of becoming hiv infected can also increase the risk of acquiring stis. having a sore on the skin due to an sti can make the transmission of hiv to the sex partner more likely than people who don’t have such sore in their genital area. results among the 41 patients with hiv...

conclusions the results of the current study showed a high rate of co-infection of m. tuberculosis and p. jirovecii in the iranian patients with hiv. as the immune system condition worsened, the probability of occurrence of pneumocystis pneumonia (pcp) increased. therefore, more specific, most rapid and sensitive tests should be utilized for diagnosis of pcp in this group of patients. results a...

this experimental study was carried out to induce a co-infection of h9 aiv and ibv with inoculumsprepared from tracheal scrubbed epithelium tissues in natural co-infected birds to rule out the effect of fieldundesired environmental conditions and also other infectious causative agents. eighty 1-day-old broilerswere randomly divided into four equal groups. at 21 days of age, three test groups we...

background: both influenza a virus (iav) and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) cause acute respiratory infection (ari) in infants and young children. this study was conducted to determine influenza a virus and its co infection with rsv among the hospitalized children with ari. methods: a total of 153 throat samples of the hospitalized young children aged between below one year and 5 years with ...

case presentation this article presents a 56-year-old woman from guilan province, the north of iran and the southern coast of the caspian sea, who admitted to the hospital with acute fever, severe headache, thrombocytopenia, anemia, epigastric pain, myalgia, nausea and vomiting. conclusions we recognized that the case was co-infected by cchf and leptospirosis. introduction infectious diseases a...