OBJECTIVE The lack of a standard methodology in diagnostic research impedes adequate evaluation before implementation of constantly developing diagnostic techniques. We discuss the methodology of diagnostic research and underscore the relevance of decision analysis in the process of evaluation of diagnostic tests. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING Overview and conceptual discussion. RESULTS Diagnost...

whAt Is the PRoBleM? Different from trials for regulatory approvals of new interventions aimed to test the efficacy, comparative effectiveness research (CER) is the direct comparison of existing health‐care interventions (compared with active controls) to examine which treatment works best, for whom, and under what settings.[1] Therefore, CER is indispensable to assist consumers, clinicians, pu...

Global guidelines for new technologies are based on cost and efficacy data from a limited number of trial locations. Country-level decision makers need to consider whether cost-effectiveness analysis used to inform global guidelines are sufficient for their situation or whether to use models that adjust cost-effectiveness results taking into account setting-specific epidemiological and cost het...

Cost-effectiveness models are commonly utilized to determine the combined clinical and economic impact of one treatment compared to another. However, most methods for sample size determination of cost-effectiveness studies assume fully observed costs and effectiveness outcomes, which presents challenges for survival-based studies in which censoring exists. We propose a Bayesian method for the d...

background: nurse educators have an important role in clinical learning that can reduce nursing students' stress. however,   a few studies have been conducted on the relationship between nursing students’ tension and clinical educators 'role in such situations, in iran. the aim of this study is to determine the relationship between nursing students’ stress and perception of nurse educ...