The purpose of this literature review was to identify and describe recent empirical studies of childbirth education outcomes and to identify areas for further study. The search produced 63 studies; only 12 met the inclusion criteria. The literature demonstrated inconclusive evidence regarding the effectiveness of childbirth education. None of the studies used a theoretical framework that propos...

Recommended Citation Malata, A. M. (2004). The development and evaluation of a childbirth education program for Malawian women. Retrieved from

In this paper we describe a new approach to programming which generalizes object-oriented programming. It is based on using a new programming construct, called concept, which generalizes classes. Concept is defined as a pair of two classes: one reference class and one object class. Each concept has a parent concept which is specified using inclusion relation generalizing inheritance. We describ...

In this column, the author outlines some of the results of the Listening to Mothers Survey, conducted by the Maternity Center Association, and the implications of the results on childbirth education.

In April 2010 the International Finance Corporation announced the creation of the African, Latin American, and Caribbean fund, a new co-investment vehicle funded largely with commitments from sovereign wealth and pension funds. The fund’s objective was to draw on the IFC and the World Bank’s strengths in emerging markets to identify and support enterprises that might not otherwise have come to ...

For a bar and joint framework (G, p) with point group C3 which describes 3-fold rotational symmetry in the plane, it was recently shown in (Schulze, Discret. Comp. Geom. 44:946-972) that the standard Laman conditions, together with the condition derived in (Connelly et al., Int. J. Solids Struct. 46:762-773) that no vertices are fixed by the automorphism corresponding to the 3-fold rotation (ge...

Observation of writers producingg non-trivial texts suggests t hat most spendd time generating andd organisingg content prior to draftingg full text. Resear chsuggests a linkk between time spent inn these activities andd the quality of the resulting docume nt. Very little is known, however, about either the nature of the representation that is c reatedd during this planningg phase (the writer's...