Precipitation changes can affect society more directly than variations in most other meteorological observables1–3, but precipitation is difficult to characterize because of fluctuations on nearly all temporal and spatial scales. In addition, the intensity of extreme precipitation rises markedly at higher temperature4–9, faster than the rate of increase in the atmosphere’s water-holding capacit...

This paper describes experiments that measure the Clapeyron effect, i.e., the change in melting temperature with static pressure in succinonitrile (SCN), a common model material used in crystal growth experiments. The Clapeyron results also yield information about the density change upon solidification — a parameter that is difficult to measure accurately and directly in SCN due to void formati...

Galileo (1564-1642), in his well-known Discorsi (Galileo, 1638), briefly turning attention to the fracture of a beam, starts an interesting discussion on beam’s breakage as well its location. Could section and breaking point beam have been determined beforehand? Furthermore, is it specific material? What did was not merely challenge physics problem, but prevailing knowledge time: namely, Aristo...

The present work investigates equilibrium conditions and dissociation enthalpy of hydrates formed from CO2-TBAB(tetra-n-butylammonium bromide)-water mixtures. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) was used for Hydrate-Liquid-Vapour (H-L-V) equilibrium condition determination in a TBAB concentration range from 4.43 to 9.01 wt% and in a CO2 pressure range from 0.3 to 2.5 MPa. The results showed tha...

The postperovskite (ppv) phase transition occurs in the deep mantle close to the core-mantle boundary (CMB). For this reason, we must include in the dynamical considerations both the Clapeyron slope and the temperature intercept, T(int), which is the temperature of the phase transition at the CMB pressure. For a CMB temperature greater than T(int), there is a double crossing of the phase bounda...

The factors governing the rate of change in the amount of atmospheric water vapor are analyzed in simulations of climate change. The global-mean amount of water vapor is estimated to increase at a differential rate of 7.3% K with respect to global-mean surface air temperature in the multi-model mean. Larger rates of change result if the fractional change is evaluated over a finite change in tem...

Phase changes ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Phase rule .................................................................................................................................................. 2 Clapeyron equation .............................................................

[1] The double-crossing hypothesis posits that postperovskite bearing rock in Earth’s D00 layer exists as a layer above the core-mantle boundary bounded above and below by intersections between a curved thermal boundary layer geotherm and a relatively steep phase boundary. Increasing seismic evidence for the existence of pairs of discontinuities predicted to occur at the top and bottom of this ...

The enthalpies of the reactions in which methane hydrate is dissociated to methane vapor and either (1) water, or (2) ice are determined by a new analysis using the Clapeyron equation. The difference in enthalpies of the two reactions is used to infer the hydration number at the quadruple point where hydrate, ice, liquid water, and methane vapor coexist. By appropriate corrections, the hydratio...