evidence acquisition this systematic review proposes a new triage system for patients exposed to nerve agents. information regarding clinical signs and symptoms of intoxication with nerve agents, primary treatments, and classification of patients were extracted from the literature. all related articles were reviewed. subsequently, specialists from different disciplines were invited to discuss a...

background: sulfur mustard (sm) as a chemical warfare agent, increases permeability of bronchial vessels and damages airway epithelium. sm exposure causes debilitating respiratory complications. this study was designed to evaluate clinical respiratory manifestations, and to compare chest x ray (cxr) and high resolution computed tomography (hrct) scan of chest in sm exposed patients with respira...

objective(s) considering fair response to inhaled corticosteroids and reports of severe air way hyper responsiveness in chemical warfare victims (cwv), a role for eosinophilic inflammation (i.e. asthma) was postulated. the objective of this study was to determine the presence of eosinophilic inflammation in cwv by evaluation of sputum cellularity and eosinophil cationic protein (ecp). materials...

Among the blistering (vesicant) chemical warfare agents (CWA), sulfur mustard is the most important since it is known as the “King of chemical warfare agents”. The use of sulfur mustard has caused serious damages in several organs, especially the eyes, skin, respiratory, central and peripheral nervous systems after short and long term exposure, incapacitating and even killing people and troops....

INTRODUCTION THE CHEMICAL THREAT AND ENEMY CAPABILITY THE STATUS OF CHEMICAL PROLIFERATION Chemical Warfare Capabilities of Nations International Agreements and Verification Terrorism MILITARY CHEMICAL AGENTS TACTICAL AND STRATEGIC USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS Chemical Agent Delivery Systems Physical Properties of Chemical Agents Strategic Concerns in the Use of Toxins Choice of Agent and Delivery S...

While chemical warfare agents have been used in military conflict for decades, it is only in the last two decades that increased attention has been paid to the acute and chronic health effects associated with exposure to these agents. The subsequent reports of ill-defined illnesses in the veterans of the Gulf War of 1991, followed by the 1995 sarin terrorist attack in the Japanese subway system...