A fundamental component of industrialization is centralization. Economies scale are achieved by consolidating smaller, individual activities into larger, collective efforts managed a specialist group or community with pooled resources. The benefits centralization well demonstrated in the water industry—larger communities typically have more customers to share costs and resources available manag...

It is common knowledge that the Australian wine industry has enjoyed remarkable success over the past three decades in terms of production and export growth, innovation and reputation for consistent quality. The centralization of resources and infrastructure, as well as the nationally-oriented funding and R&D agendas are usually cited as providing the foundation for this success. Yet in more re...

This paper studies delegation of authority in a setting that combines the incentive view of delegation pioneered by Aghion and Tirole [1997], the informational theory of delegation emphasized by Dessein [2002], the learning possibility put forth by Aghion, Dewatripont, and Rey [2004] and the career concerns literature spawned by Holmström [1999]. I show that the principal may choose delegation ...

Degree centralization is a simple and widely used index of degree distribution concentration in social networks. Conventionally, the centralization score is normalized by the maximum value attainable at the observed order; this results in a measure on the unit interval. Here, exact bounds are provided for degree centralization given density as well as order. It is shown that roughly half of the...

Centralization is a symptom response to repeated movements that can be used to classify patients into sub-groups, determine appropriate management strategies, and prognosis. The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature relating to centralization and directional preference, and specifically report on prevalence, prognostic validity, reliability, loading strategies, and diagn...

With today’s importance of distributed applications, their verification and analysis are still challenging. They involve large combinational states, interactive network communications between peers, and concurrency. Although there are some dynamic analysis tools for analyzing the runtime behavior of a single-process application, they do not provide methods to analyze distributed applications as...

A class of problems known as Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems (DCOP) has become a growing research interest in computer science because of its difficulty (NP-Complete) and many real-world applications (meeting scheduling, sensor networks, military planning). In this thesis we identify two types of centralization relevant to DCOPs: algorithmic centralization, in which a DCOP algorith...