Considering corruption as one of the chronic harms of the administrative system,and the social factor affecting economic growth, the present study sought toexplain, for the first time, the differences in the perceived levels of corruptionamong 16 Southwest Asian countries, relying on the sociological “newinstitutionalism” theory in analyzing organizations, describing cau...

When dealing with a cause, cases involving some effect due to that cause are precious as such cases contribute to what the cause is. They must be reasoned upon if inference about causes is to take place. It thus seems like a good logic for causes would arise from a semantics based on collections of cases, to be called configurations, that gather instances of a given cause yielding some effect(s...

Non-perturbative theories of quantum gravity inevitably include configurations that fail to resemble physically reasonable spacetimes at large scales. Often, these configurations are entropically dominant and pose an obstacle to obtaining the desired classical limit. We examine this “entropy problem” in a model of causal set quantum gravity corresponding to a discretisation of 2D spacetimes. Us...

Non-perturbative theories of quantum gravity inevitably include configurations that fail to resemble physically reasonable spacetimes at large scales. Often, these configurations are entropically dominant and pose an obstacle to obtaining the desired classical limit. We examine this “entropy problem” in a model of causal set quantum gravity corresponding to a discretisation of 2D spacetimes. Us...

If the causality condition [the speed of sound always remains less than that of light in vacuum, i. e., v ≤ c = 1] is imposed on the spheres of homogeneous energy density, the ‘ratio of the specific heats’, γ ≤ 2.59457, constraints the compaction parameter, u[≡ (M/a), mass to size ratio in geometrized units] of the dynamically stable configurations ≤ 0.34056 [corresponding to a surface redshift...

The purpose of this study is to examine whether reasoners have two cognitive processes, the causal strength and the reliability, and how the processes work in causal judgments. In an experiment, participants’ causal judgments were varied depending on the conditions, which were introduced to activate either one of the two processes, as well as on the cell configurations between causes and effect...

MOTIVATION The goal of fine-mapping in genomic regions associated with complex diseases and traits is to identify causal variants that point to molecular mechanisms behind the associations. Recent fine-mapping methods using summary data from genome-wide association studies rely on exhaustive search through all possible causal configurations, which is computationally expensive. RESULTS We intr...

Because of the high-speed and QOS guarantees, ATM networks are getting popular in multimedia applications. There are multimedia applications that require messages to be delivered in an order that preserves cause and effect relations in multicasts (called causal order multicast). Causal order multicast algorithms introduce an overhead because they append control information to messages to enforc...

Typologies are an important way of organizing the complex cause-effect relationships that are key building blocks of the strategy and organization literatures. Here, I develop a novel theoretical perspective on causal core and periphery, which is based on how elements of a configuration are connected to outcomes. Using data on hightechnology firms, I empirically investigate configurations based...