Many large government programs provide benefits in kind as opposed to in cash. Providing benefits in kind potentially distorts decisions and leads to a deadweight loss if recipients value the benefits less than a cost-equivalent cash transfer. Yet providing benefits in kind may have some offsetting benefits, especially in terms of improving the targeting of benefits to desired beneficiaries. We...

aaccording to the trade-off theory, firm managers consider the transaction and precautionary motives to determine the optimal level of cash by comparing the benefits and costs of cash holdings. the purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of deviation from expected optimal cash on future stock returns among irans’s listed companies (tehran stock exchange). the analyses are performed by us...

considering the present situation of the society that increasing inegulity led to deprivation progression and according to impact of huge institution of waqf (endowment) at resolving such problems, it is necessary to make an opportunity that new subject such as cash waqf being studied and examined. the aim of this paper is to study the theoretical and jurisprudential views and analysis the bene...

from long time ago the shortage of finance in business practices was one of the striking problems for traders and thus there have always been endeavors to find a solution to it. one of the ways put forward was using the stocks stored in warehouses as security for loans. taking advantage of a descriptive method, this paper describes field-warehousing as a means of raising cash funds and the regu...

Every year many workers become sick or suffer accidents away from their jobs and so cannot work for temporary periods ranging from a few days to several months. Although there is no Federal social insurance program to protect against this risk, the majority of workers are nevertheless protected through State programs, industry programs, or private sector programs. Five States (California, Hawai...

In 1977, an estimated $28.2 billion in wage and salary payments was lost by civilian workers in the United States because of short-term sickness. Of this amount, $10.3 billion was made up under benefit plans for workers, either through sick-leave payments or insurance benefits. These figures represent increases of 7 percent above the corresponding totals for the previous year. In contrast, bene...

Sickness and non-work-related accidents in 1973 left the Nation’s workers with a short-term potential earnings loss of $20.9 billion. Cash benefits, largely through accident and sickness insurance and sick leave, replaced $7.2 billion or almost 35 percent of the loss. In 1973, even more than in previous years, inflation helped to push the income-loss and benefit levels above the levels a year e...

Cash-like payments in electronic commerce and at the traditional point of sale are expected to be beneficial, e.g., because of privacy protection, low transaction costs, and irrevocability. Therefore, we discuss how to design electronic cash in a way that it both mirrors the most important characteristics of traditional cash, but also fulfils the expectations which arise towards electronic mean...