How intracellular transport controls the probability that cargos switch at intersections between filaments is not well understood. In one hypothesis some motors on the cargo attach to one filament while others attach to the intersecting filament, and the ensuing tug-of-war determines which filament is chosen. We investigate this hypothesis using 3D computer simulations, and discover that switch...

The aim of this experimental study is two-dimensional investigation of cargo behavior after separation which is carried out in the subsonic wind tunnel. Given that the real separation occurs in three-dimension, the results of this study may be widely used in numerical aerodynamic studies for verification of new computational methods and they can be used as the reference results in this area. So...

Sorting signals for cargo selection into coated vesicles are usually in the form of short linear motifs. Three motifs for clathrin-mediated endocytosis have been identified: YXXPhi, [D/E]XXXL[L/I] and FXNPXY. To search for new endocytic motifs, we made a library of CD8 chimeras with random sequences in their cytoplasmic tails, and used a novel fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS)-based as...

An alternative method of micro/nano-transport has been achieved by using motor proteins. Microtubules on a kinesin-coated surface have potential to act as a nano-transport system. When microtubules are used as carriers, either cargo or cargo linkers are attached on the microtubule surface. Such cargo attachments can significantly affect kinesin motion. To deal with the difficulty caused by mole...

et al., 1984). How are they selectively extracted from this dilute solution and shipped to the Golgi apparatus? Before considering current models, the pathway to Graham Warren and Ira Mellman Department of Cell Biology Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8002 the Golgi needs to be described (Figure 1) (Kaiser and Ferro-Novick, 1998). Cargo proteins exit in COPII-coat...

Introduction:  Parking areas that are gathering places for tank trucks are potentially dangerous places. This study analyzes accident consequences of oil products carriers, to check and compare the hazard radius with recommended separation distances. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was carried out in 5 stages, including: scenario selection, determination of the accidents source para...

The eukaryotic cell's microtubule cytoskeleton is a complex 3D filament network. Microtubules cross at a wide variety of separation distances and angles. Prior studies in vivo and in vitro suggest that cargo transport is affected by intersection geometry. However, geometric complexity is not yet widely appreciated as a regulatory factor in its own right, and mechanisms that underlie this mode o...

This research estimates the shared value created by constructing a hypothetical Hyperloop to transport cargo along 300 km in Northern Germany. Following Porter and Kramer (2011, 2012), we identified and evaluated eight factors that create shared value: travel speed, operating costs, safety, noise pollution, air pollution, climate effect/ carbon footprint, separation effect/property efficiency, ...

background: anecdotal information has suggested that sodium benzoate is used with more than permissible doses during production steps of food products especially pickles and pickled cucumbers in food producing factories in markazi province and other food producing factories . the present study was done to evaluate factual concentration of sodium benzoate in these products. methods: in this stud...