Car body deformation modeling plays a very important role in crash accident analyses, as well as in safe car body design. The determination of the energy absorbed by the deformation and the corresponding Energy Equivalent Speed can be of key importance, however their precise determination is a very difficult task. Although, using the results of crash tests, intelligent and soft methods offer an...

Car body deformation modeling plays a very important role in crash accident analyses, as well as in safe car body design. The determination of the energy absorbed by the deformation and the corresponding Energy Equivalent Speed can be of key importance, however their precise determination is a very difficult task. Although, using the results of crash tests, intelligent and soft methods offer an...

Step 2 Phosphating The metal is treated with phosphoric acid, leading to the following two reactions occuring in the zinc-rich surface of the steel: 2H3PO4 + 3Zn → 3H2 + Zn3(PO4)2 2H3PO4 + Fe + 2Zn → 3H2 + FeZn2(PO4)2 This gives a mixture of zinc phosphates. The electrocoat paint binds better to these zinc phosphates than to the steel alone, and the zinc phosphates corrode much slower than the ...

The horizontally polarizing surface parts of shiny black cars (the reflection-polarization characteristics of which are similar to those of water surfaces) attract water-leaving polarotactic insects. Thus, shiny black cars are typical sources of polarized light pollution endangering water-leaving insects. A new fashion fad is to make car-bodies matt black or grey. Since rough (matt) surfaces de...

Car body deformation modeling plays a very important role in crash accident analyses, as well as in safe car body design. The determination of the energy absorbed by the deformation and the corresponding Energy Equivalent Speed can be of key importance, however their precise determination is a very difficult task. Although, using the results of crash tests, intelligent and soft methods offer an...

Passenger cars owned by JSC "Ukrzaliznytsia" have practically exhausted their resource. Improving the efficiency of railways requires use new innovative technical solutions. The article analyzes condition bodies passenger that worked out A total 540 wagons different years construction were inspected. In course analysis, results inspections metal structures divided into five conditional groups d...