a study conducted to isolation and identification of honey bee diseases fungal agents in iran west azarbaijan province apiaries. we collected 2000 samples (adult honeybee, brood, honey and pollen) of 200 apiaries in three seasons (spring, summer and autumn). samples prepared and cultivated in sda medium. finally, ascosphaera apis, causative agent of chalk brood disease, didn’t isolate of any ap...

american foulbrood (afb) is the most serious brood disease of the honey bee. traditional methods are reliable but rather slow simply because they are based on biochemical, morphological and physiological identification of cultivated isolates. the aim of this study is the detection of paenibacillus larvae larvae spores in honey and diseased larvae samples by culture and pcr. therefore 54 samp...

Social insects have many defence mechanisms against pests and pathogens. One of these is hygienic behaviour, which has been studied in detail in the honey bee, Apis mellifera Hygienic honey bee workers remove dead and diseased larvae and pupae from sealed brood cells, thereby reducing disease transfer within the colony. Stingless bees, Meliponini, also rear broods in sealed cells. We investigat...

Social immunity forms an essential part of the defence repertoire of social insects. In response to infestation by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor and its associated viruses, honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) have developed a specific behaviour (varroa-sensitive hygiene, or VSH) that helps protect the colony from this parasite. Brood cells heavily infested with mites are uncapped, the brood k...

American Foulbrood (AFB) is a major endemic disease affecting the bee brood and absence of chemical therapeutic treatments leads beekeepers to develop alternative management plans, based mainly on prevention accurate diagnosis symptoms. One main symptoms unpleasant odor caused by rot dead larvae. In present comparative study, we analyzed profile larvae presence characteristic volatile compounds...

Chalkbrood disease in honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) is caused by an infection with Ascosphaera apis. Disease expression requires the consumption of fungal spores and a predisposing condition in the susceptible brood. A. apis spores within sheets of wax foundation could be a source of inoculum leading to chalkbrood, but it is also possible that these spores remain confined in the wax and do not ...

Chalkbrood in honeybees (Apis mellifera L. Himenoptera: Apidae) is a fungal disease caused by Ascosphaera apis (Maassen ex Claussen) Olive and Spiltoir. This disease requires the presence of fungal spores and a predisposing condition in the susceptible brood for the disease to develop. In this study we examined the role of pollen in the development of chalkbrood disease under two experimental c...

Hygienic behaviour (HB) is a social immunity trait in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) whereby workers detect, uncap and remove unhealthy brood, improving disease resistance in the colony. This is clearly economically valuable; however, the molecular mechanism behind it is not well understood. The freeze-killed brood (FKB) assay is the conventional method of HB selection, so we compared odour pro...