Humans obtain a number of products from animals. These include food, clothing, medical materials, companionship and research knowledge to name a few. A valued ethic contends that it is inappropriate for one to treat another as a means to an end. In short, it is wrong to treat another as simply a product. Historically, non-human beings have not been included as “others” and thus their treatment ...

In approximately 3.2% of bird species individuals regularly forgo the opportunity to breed independently and instead breed cooperatively with other conspeci¢cs, either as non-reproductive `helpers' or as co-breeders. The traditional explanation for cooperative breeding is that the opportunities for breeding independently are limited owing to peculiar features of the species' breeding ecology. H...

regarding the importance of rice fields, as the main mosquito breeding places, use of chemical larvicides has been under consideration in malaria eradication programs. in this trial, oms 786 was used, to study the method and cost of application of this larvicide in the rice fields. two form of larvicides (1% sand granule, and 50% e.c.) were used in four formulations. (10 and 15 kg. of 1% s.g./h...

Animals have to adjust their physiology to seasonal changes, in response to variation in food availability, social tactics and reproduction. I compared basal corticosterone and testosterone levels in free ranging striped mouse from a desert habitat, comparing between the sexes, breeding and philopatric non-breeding individuals, and between the breeding and the non-breeding season. I expected di...

Breeding periodicity allows organisms to synchronise breeding attempts with the most favourable ecological conditions under which to raise offspring. For most animal species, ecological conditions vary seasonally and usually impose an annual breeding schedule on their populations; sub-annual breeding schedules will be rare. We use a 16-year dataset of breeding attempts by a tropical seabird, th...

In cooperatively breeding species, reproductive decisions and breeding roles may be influenced by environmental (food resources) or social factors (reproductive suppression of subordinates by dominants). Studies of glucocorticoid stress hormones in cooperatively breeding species suggest that breeding roles and hormone levels are related to the relative costs of dominance and subordination, whic...

Figure 1.—The three inhabitants of the hive: A, The ^vorker, a female with arrested development of the egg-laying organs; B, the queen, a female with completely developed egg-laying organs but with undeveloped secondary sexual characters such as those possessed by the worker for secreting larval food, for gathering nectar and pollen, for secreting wax, and the like; C, the drone, the male bee. ...

This chapter deals with breeding aspects of one of the most important crops for food security in the world. Initially it shows how diverse rice is with 22 species, different levels of ploidy and six diversity groups. The choice of parents for crossing, when having such wide genetic diversity available, requires careful characterization and evaluation of the germplasm as well as good knowledge a...

Complete pedigree information is a prerequisite for modern breeding and the ranking of parents and offspring for selection and deployment decisions. DNA fingerprinting and pedigree reconstruction can substitute for artificial matings, by allowing parentage delineation of naturally produced offspring. Here, we report on the efficacy of a breeding concept called "Breeding without Breeding" (BwB) ...