conclusions the evidence that btx-a decreases ntg-induced cgrp-li and sp-li levels in trigeminovascular system suggests that btx-a attenuates migraine by suppression of neuropeptide release. btx-a injections for migraine at acupoint-sites and fixed-sites are effective. acupoint-sites btx-a administration shows more efficacy for migraine than fixed-sites application. results local btx-a injectio...

botulinum toxin a (bta) inhibits presynaptic release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and has reportedly been successful in the treatment of spastic disorders.to evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin on cerebral palsied children with spastic or mixed type of the disease, especially those patiens having spasticity as a cardinal symptom without joint contracture, we designed the fo...

introduction: widespread medical usage of botulinum toxins has increased the need for the precise analysis of its biological activity. the aim of this study was production and crystallization of the botulinum type a toxins. methods: in this study, clostridium botulinum was grown and inoculated into the tripticase soya broth culture media, under anaerobic condition and toxin production was monit...

conclusions bont-a improves clbp with a low incidence of side effects and can be used as a therapeutic tool in the management of these patients. results after 4 weeks, 76% of patients in the bont-a group reported pain relief compared to 20% in the saline group (p < 0. 005). additionally, greater pain relief was experienced by patients in the bont-a group at 8 weeks (64% vs. 12%; p < 0. 001). by...

background: considering the dramatic increasing rate of diabetes and consequently its related complications, most importantly diabetic peripheral neuropathy (dpn), challenges regarding proper treatment of dpn and its effect on the quality-of-life and care of diabetic patients, the aim of this current study is to evaluate the effect of intradermal botulinum toxin type a (btx-a) injections on pai...

The most poisonous substance known to man, botulinum toxin has successfully established itself as a therapeutic agent over the years. Initially used to treat strabismus, botulinum toxin is now an accepted treatment in a wide spectrum of disorders and has over a 100 potential medical applications. The somewhat loosely-applied term 'wonder drug' could not be better employed to describe the remedi...

botulism is a serious paralytic disease caused by clostridium botulinum toxin in foods. there are seven recognized serotypes of botulinum neurotoxins among which the principal prevalent types in humans include a, b and e. infant botulism results from intestinal colonization and toxin production by c. botulinum spores in babies less than 1 year old. honey is the most important food discriminated...