Controlling for body size and composition, the authors examined the association between estrogen therapy and bonemineral density in older African-American andCaucasian women. In 1992–1998, 443 African-American and 989 Caucasian women aged 45–87 years were assessed for medication use, laboratory variables, behavioral characteristics, and bone mineral density. The mean age was 61.3 (95% confidenc...

background: due to its minimal systematic adverse effects, transdermal estrogen is widely used for the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.the present meta-analysis aimed to clarify the effects of transdermal estrogen on bone mineral density (bmd) of postmenopausal women.methods: studies were identified by searching electronic databases including cochrane library, medline, embase...

Concern about the risk of bone loss in astronauts as a result of prolonged exposure to microgravity prompted the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration to convene a Bone Summit with a panel of experts at the Johnson Space Center to review themedical data andresearch evidence from astronauts who have had prolonged exposure to spaceflight. Data were reviewed from 35 astronauts who h...

Background: Due to its minimal systematic adverse effects, transdermal estrogen is widely used for the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.The present meta-analysis aimed to clarify the effects of transdermal estrogen on bone mineral density (BMD) of postmenopausal women.Methods: Studies were identified by searching electronic databases including Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase...

Background: Due to its minimal systematic adverse effects, transdermal estrogen is widely used for the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.The present meta-analysis aimed to clarify the effects of transdermal estrogen on bone mineral density (BMD) of postmenopausal women.Methods: Studies were identified by searching electronic databases including Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase...

background: low bone mass is a major health problem in postmenopausal women.there is no general agreement regarding relationship between serum level of lipidsand bone mineral density.objective: this study was carried out to investigate the association between lipidprofile and bone mineral density (bmd) in postmenopausal women in yazd, iran.materials and methods: this cross-sectional study was p...

1Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital, SUNY, Stony Brook and VA Medical Center, Mail Code 111, 79 Middleville Road Northport, NY 11768, USA 2Division of Endocrinology, SUNY, Stony Brook and VA Medical Center, University Hospital, T-060, HSC, Level 15, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA 3Boice-Willis Clinic, 901 N. Winstead Ave, Rocky Mount, NC 27804, USA 4Department of Applied Mathematics and...

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSdData of 4,135 participants of the Rotterdam Study, a prospective population-based cohort, were available (mean follow-up 12.2 years). At baseline, 420 participants with type 2 diabetes were classified by glucose control (according to HbA1c calculated from fructosamine), resulting in three comparison groups: adequately controlled diabetes (ACD; n = 203; HbA1c ,7.5%), ...

I recently read an interesting article in Diabetes Care (1) that showed that treatment with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors could be associated with a reduced risk of bone fractures in type 2 diabetic patients. As the authors pointed out, since experimental data in animal models suggested that incretins such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric intestinal polypeptide (GIP) s...

crystals, water, and ions, bone forms the lightweight but tough and protective load-bearing framework of the body. Bone’s elastic modulus—its stiffness during elastic deformation—spans 15–25 GPa, roughly a third of metallic aluminum; its strength, the applied stress at the onset of plastic deformation, is a few hundred MPa, comparable with alumina ceramics; and its fracture toughness, a measure...