Introduction: Microbubbles are widely used as contrast agent in diagnostic ultrasound. Recently they have shown good potential for applications in the therapeutic field such as drug delivery to the brain. Recent studies have shown focused ultrasound in conjunction with injected micro-bubbles could temporarily disrupt blood-brain barrier and let therapeutic agents transport into...

this study demonstrates the changes in six different pathophysiological parameters such as body weight, body temperature, fecal pellet count, blood-brain barrier (bbb) permeability, plasma corticosterone level and emergence of hemorrhagic peptic ulcer spots due to exposure to high environmental heat in three different age groups of freely moving rats. methods: each age group of rats was sub div...

objective(s):protective effects of diuretics, particularly of hydrochlorothiazide (hct), for the development of seizure attacksepilepsy have been described in vivo. however, itsthe mechanism of action of hct is unknownneeds to be elucidated. materials and methods: extracellular field potentials were recorded from the ca1- and ca3-subfields of the hippocampus of rats. epileptiform discharges wer...

cerebral palsy (cp) is the most common motor disability in children, usually occurring during fetal development; before, during, or shortly after birth, or during infancy. cp takes place in about 2.1 per 1,000 live births .there is no exact reason but birth injury or inflammation of the central nervous system, infections and hypoxia are related risk factors of this disease. often, symptoms incl...

multiple sclerosis (ms) is an inflammatory disorder, in which neurons become demyelinated. to date, its etiology has remained unknown. nevertheless, certain features are inspected to provoke ms. for instance, improper function of immune cells is widely believed to be the basis of such disorder. in this concept, ms is stated as an autoimmune disease, which was asserted by major of studies, as cd...

Blood-brain barrier (BBB) controls paracellular solute diffusion into the brain microenvironment and is maintained primarily by tight junctions between adjacent microvascular endothelial cells. Studies implicate blood flow-associated shear stress as a pathophysiological mediator of BBB function, although detailed biochemical data are scarce. We hypothesize that shear stress upregulates BBB func...

introduction: development of brain edema following focal cerebral ischemia exacerbates primary ischemic injury. blood brain barrier (bbb) opening is an important part of edema named as vasogenic brain edema. in this study, quantitative alterations of bbb permeability is experimentally evaluated using transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat. methods: two groups of male rats (ischemic and sh...

most common hypotheses of seizure initiation are increased neural excitation, decreased inhibition or both. but, the conditions that lead to these activation states not to be clear yet. recent studies challenge traditional concepts and indicate new evidence that a key epileptogenic process may actually begin in the blood vessel. seizures could be initiate by a variety of insults to the brain, s...

background: hyperthyroidism as a risk factor for stroke is not conclusive. there are no definite data on the relationship between ischemic cerebrovascular injury and hyperthyroidism. this study was designed to define whether the outcomes of post-ischemic stroke injury are influenced by chronic hyperthyroidism. methods: two groups of hyperthyroid (ht) and control euthyroid rats of equal numbers ...