gradual increase of the earth's surface temperature can cause many significant changes on the climate of our planet. this problem is progressively increasing. one of the main reasons for this phenomenon is the absorption of the sun's energy and lack of proper reflection of emissions due to man-made activities, one of which is the increase in black surfaces. in this descriptive and cross-section...

Gradual increase of the Earth's surface temperature can cause many significant changes on the climate of our planet. This problem is progressively increasing. One of the main reasons for this phenomenon is the absorption of the Sun's energy and lack of proper reflection of emissions due to man-made activities, one of which is the increase in black surfaces. In this descriptive and cross-sectio...

Relative diffuse reflection measurements from the original and ground surfaces using a He-Ne laser are reported. The intensity measurements for the metallic, transparent dielectric, matte plastic surfaces and colored papers are presented. Our results indicate that among metallic surfaces tested, aluminum has the highest diffuse reflectance; while the original stainless steel surface shows the l...

Black meristematic fungi are cosmopolitan and able to adapt to extreme fluctuations of ultraviolet radiation, temperature, and moisture and grow in exposed habitats such as stone surfaces. In a survey on fungi associated with fruit rots, leaf spots, canker, gummosis, dieback and trunk diseases of grapevine and walnut trees in Kurdistan Province (Iran), some black meristematic fungal isolates re...

During year 2008–11, some infected leaves of eucalypt trees (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.) having blight and spot symptoms were collected in Golestan province (N Iran). The necrotic spots were appeared on both surfaces of the leaves and were circular to irregular, single to confluent, medium brown to light brown with red brown margin (Fig. 1A & B). In some cases, young leaves have been sever...

relative diffuse reflection measurements from the original and ground surfaces using a he-ne laser are reported. the intensity measurements for the metallic, transparent dielectric, matte plastic surfaces and colored papers are presented. our results indicate that among metallic surfaces tested, aluminum has the highest diffuse reflectance; while the original stainless steel surface shows the l...

We start by pointing out that certain Riemann surfaces appear rather naturally in the context of wave equations in the black hole background. For a given black hole there are two closely related surfaces. One is the Riemann surface of complexified “tortoise” coordinate. The other Riemann surface appears when the radial wave equation is interpreted as the Fuchsian differential equation. We study...

Carbon black dispersions are superior to the best commercial silver and ceramic particle thermal pastes for providing high thermal contact conductance across mating surfaces that are smooth (0.05 lm). For mating surfaces that are rough (15 lm), the combined use of carbon black and silver is more effective than carbon, silver or ceramic pastes. The use of a silver paste to even out the rough sur...

This paper uses ALIS data to compare academic performance in two subjects often viewed as relatively close substitutes for one another at A-level. The important role of GCSE achievement is confirmed for both subjects. There is evidence of strong gender effects and variation in outcomes across Examination Boards. A counterfactual exercise suggests that if the sample of Business Studies candidate...

The West African Gaboon viper (Bitis rhinoceros) has an extraordinary coloration of pale brown and velvety black markings. The velvety black appearance is caused by a unique hierarchical surface structures which was not found on the pale brown scales. In the present study we examined the wettability of the vipeŕs scales by measuring contact angles of water droplets. Velvet black scale surfaces ...