Background Luteinizing hormone (LH) is a heterodimeric glycoprotein composed of alpha and beta subunits.This hormone is secreted from the pituitary gland. LH, in women triggers Menstrual cycle and ovulation. In men, LH stimulates production of testosterone, which plays a specialized role in sperm production. Up to day, LH hormone have produced in different ways such as codon optimization and al...

Background Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)- a hetrodimeric glycoprotein- is secreted by pituitary gland. This hormone stimulates growth and maturation of the follicles in females and sperms in male. Up to now, glycoprotein hormones such as FSH have produced in different cell lines. Among of the mammalian expression systems, the Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) have taken into consideration ...

The structural significance of introns in alpha and beta globin genes were evaluated in terms of the folding (or stacking) free energy of the nascent RNA sequences as obtained from secondary structure calculations. From calculations of the folding free energy of exons and introns, it was found that introns tend to have a more folded (globular) structure compared to the exon counterparts segment...

Regulated expression of the human beta-globin gene has been demonstrated in cultured murine erythroleukemia cells and in mice after retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. However, the low titer of recombinant viruses described to date results in relatively inefficient gene transfer, which limits their usefulness for animal studies and for potential gene therapy in humans for diseases involving defe...

Bovine fetal and adult globin genes were cloned and subjected to DNA sequence analysis. Both of these genes contained insertions of Alu-type repetitive DNA within their introns. Comparison of cow and goat beta-type globin genes indicates that intragenic DNA insertions played a role in their evolution. These data support the theory that Alu-type repeats maintain genetic diversity by inhibiting g...

We report the construction, characterization, and use of luciferase reporters to test the ability of antisense oligonucleotides to inhibit RNA splicing. beta-Globin and adenovirus introns were inserted into a luciferase cDNA, and luciferase expression was analyzed in transiently transfected cells. The adenovirus reporter expressed large amounts of luciferase, but two beta-globin constructs were...

Introns are common among all eukaryotes, while only a limited number of introns are found in prokaryotes. Globin and globin-like proteins are widely distributed in nature, being found even in prokaryotes and a wide range of patterns of intron-exon have been reported in several eukaryotic globin genes. Globin genes in invertebrates show considerable variation in the positions of introns; globins...

Statistical analyses of DNA sequences of globin genes (beta A, beta C, and gamma) from goat and sheep (including new sequence information for the second intron of sheep beta A and gamma, kindly provided by A. Davis and A. W. Nienhuis) indicate that the rates of nonsynonymous substitution in these genes have been greatly accelerated following the gene duplication separating gamma and the ancesto...

Comparison of the nucleotide sequences from the coding regions of the four mammalian beta-globin genes shows that different parts of these genes have evolved at two different rates. Those codons designating amino acids 1-20, 41-91 and 109-146 have accumulated substitutions in a random fashion as the molecular clock hypothesis would predict. The codons at positions 21-40 and 91 to 108 behave as ...