IntroductIon Beckers et al. (2006) published intriguing results, obtained in the rat fear conditioning paradigm, challenging classical associativist theories of learning. One of the main findings of Beckers et al. (2006) is that what they called subadditive pretraining abolished the expression of blocking (see Table 1; Figure 1), an effect that Beckers et al. (2005) had previously demonstrated ...

Beckers, Miller, De Houwer, and Urushihara (2006) described the results of 3 blocking experiments conducted with rats. Beckers et al. concluded that the results of these experiments cannot be accounted for with existing theories of associative learning, and argued, instead, that the results were a consequence of the rats engaging in a process akin to effortful reasoning. Simulations of the Resc...

A class of nonconforming quadrilateral membrane elements, introduced by Sander and Beckers, is discussed in all details. It is proved that two elements that do not pass the patch test may still yield convergence under a suitable condition on mesh subdivisions, whereas one such element is found to be divergent for all mesh subdivisions. All other finite elements in this class that pass the patch...

DINEOF reconstruction of clouded images including error maps. Application to the Sea-Surface Temperature around Corsican Island J.-M. Beckers, A. Barth, and A. Alvera-Azcárate GeoHydrodynamics and Environment Research, MARE, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman B5, 4000 Liège, Belgium College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, St. Petersburg, Florida 33701, USA Ho...

Spitz nevus is a variant of melanocytic nevus which is histopathologically defined as large spindle and/or epithelioid cells. Angiomatoid Spitz nevus is a rare histologic variant of desmoplastic Spitz nevus characterized by prominent vasculature. We present a case of angiomatoid Spitz nevus, celluar type, that has not been reported before. We provide another example to show the remarkable diver...

Blue nevus is a benign melanocytic lesion, typically asymptomatic and of unknown etiology. Many histological subtypes are recognized, the most commons being: common blue nevus, cellular blue nevus, and combined blue nevus. New rare variants have been described in the literature, with emphasis on eruptive blue nevus, plaque, agminate, linear, with satellitosis, disseminated, familial and targeto...

Dysplastic nevus is an acquired or hereditary nevus that clinically seems atypical and pathohistologically dysplastic. The term of dysplastic nevus has changed through history and even until now the dermatologists and pathologists have not found the same conclusion for name and definition of dysplastic nevus. Epidemiology of dysplastic nevus is different depending on geographic lattitude, being...

Dermoscopy is a practical, non-invasive tool that can be used to distinguish tinea nigra from other lesions appear macroscopically similar, including acral nevus. Under dermoscopy, presents with pattern of spiculated gray-brown pigment deposition, whereas nevus most often as brown deposition in parallel furrow pattern.

Reed nevus (pigmented spindle cell nevus) is a nevus with the histopathological features of abundant melanin, monomorphic spindle-epithelioid melanocytes, spindle cell nests confined within the epidermis and papillary dermis, and occasional upward interepidermal progression of melanocytes. Here, we reported an unusual case of Reed nevus in an 11-month-old Japanese male infant. Infantile Reed ne...

Melanocytic nevus is the benign proliferation of melanocytes. The most common location of melanocytic nevus is the skin of the extremities; however, there are few case reports of melanocytic nevus at the rectal mucosa. No prior case of malignant melanoma from melanocytic nevus at the rectal mucosa has been reported; therefore, it is unclear whether resection should be performed or close observa...