What is the effect of focusing auditory attention on an upcoming signal tone? Weak tones, 40 ms in duration, were presented 50 dB continuous white noise and either uncued or cued 82 beforehand by a 12 SL cue tone same frequency duration as signal. Signal was constant for block trials randomly one 11 frequencies from 632 to 3140 Hz. Slopes psychometric functions detection single-interval (Yes/No...

Listening is regarded as an interactive process involving decoding of information. This study was launched to find out the impact of bottom-up (BU) and top-down (TD) techniques on Iranian lower and upper intermediate learners’ listening comprehension. We selected a total of 120 participants in six intact classes, three lower intermediate and three upper intermediate. The proficiency level of th...