objective(s): in the present study, the effect of tissue incubation with propranolol on functional antagonism of zataria multiflora boiss (z. multiflora) at muscarinic receptors of tracheal smooth muscle was examined.  materials and methods: the effects of three concentrations of aqueous-ethanolic extract, 10 nm atropine, and saline on muscarinic receptors were tested on incubated tracheal smoo...

OBJECTIVES to determine the effect of drugs with anti-cholinergic properties on relevant health outcomes. DESIGN electronic published and unpublished literature/trial registries were systematically reviewed. Studies evaluating medications with anti-cholinergic activity on cognitive function, delirium, physical function or mortality were eligible. RESULTS forty-six studies including 60,944 p...

a b s t r a c t   alzheimer's disease (ad) is a neurodegenerative disorder in geriatric people that characterized by reduction in memory and learning ability. attenuation of cholinergic system is the most likely hypothesis. therefore, potentiation of the cholinergic system via inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme could improve and alleviate the symptoms of ad. a new series of isatin-based ...

BACKGROUND The cholinergic and opioid systems play important roles in modulating inflammation. This study tests whether auricular acupuncture (AA) produces anti-inflammatory effects via opioid and peripheral cholinergic receptors in a rat model. METHODS Rats were anesthetized with chloral hydrate and inflammation was induced by intraplantar injection of carrageenan. Electroacupuncture was per...

The autonomic nervous system dysfunction with increased sympathetic activity and withdrawal of vagal activity may play an important role in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis. The vagus nerve can modulate the immune response and control inflammation through a 'cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway' dependent on the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). Although the role of β-adrener...

background: bone marrow stromal cells (bmsc) are used as a source for cell therapy in different model for neurological disorder such as stroke and spinal cord injury. however, the transdifferentiation of bmsc into cholinergic phenotype requires more investigation. methods: bmsc were isolated from adult rats, pre-induced with β-mercaptoethanol (bme) and followed by nerve growth factor (ngf) indu...

BACKGROUND The effect of spinal adrenergic and cholinergic receptors on the anti-nociceptive effect of intrathecal ginsenosides was determined in a rat postoperative pain model. METHODS Catheters were placed into the intrathecal space of male Sprague-Dawley rats. Postoperative pain was evoked by an incision to the plantar surface of a hind paw. Withdrawal thresholds was used as a nociceptive ...

BACKGROUND With chronic ischemia after myocardial infarction, the resulting scar tissue result in electrical and structural remodeling vulnerable to an arrhythmogenic substrate. The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway elicited by vagal nerve via α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7-nAChR) can modulate local and systemic inflammatory responses. Here, we aimed to clarify a novel mechanism f...

OBJECTIVES Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are proposed as a major neuromodulatory system in inflammatory modulation. However, the function of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in sepsis is unknown, and the neural pathways underlying cholinergic anti-inflammation remain unexplored. DESIGN Animal research. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS Male wild-type C57BL/6 mice a...

background: teucrium polium has been known as an important traditional medicinal plant and is used for different therapeutic purposes such as gastrointestinal disorders. therefore, the anti-spasmodic and antinociceptive activities of aqueous extract of teucrium polium w as examined. methods: anti-spasmodic effect of different concentrations (47-470 mg/l) of teucrium polium extract was assessed ...