objective the associations between imperforate anus and spinal and vertebral abnormalities and neurologic deficits are well recognized; these neurologic deficits have been considered static rather than progressive. however, recent experience indicates that some patients may develop progressive neurologic problems due to spinal cord lesions that are amenable to neurosurgical correction. material...

correlation between sacral ratio and bowel function as well as fecal continence has been well documented in patients with anorectal malformations (arms). one hundred and twenty children with arms were investigated in this study. sacral ratio (sr) was measured from pelvic x-rays of patients. among these, 52 patients (43%) had no pelvic x-ray and were excluded from this study. sr was measured by ...

(This section is meant for residents to check their understanding regarding a particular topic) QUESTIONS

OBJECTIVE Anorectal malformations are usually diagnosed at birth, but some patients have presented to this institution beyond the early newborn period without recognition of their anorectal malformations. To quantify the extent of this problem, we undertook a review of all patients presenting to this hospital with anorectal malformations. METHODS We reviewed all new cases of anorectal malform...

(This section is meant for residents to check their understanding regarding a particular topic) QUESTIONS 1. What are the various types of anorectal malformations (ARM)? 2. What is the pathophysiology of ARM? 3. What are the clinical features of newborn with anorectal malformation? 4. What are the radiological investigations required for diagnostic evaluation? 5. What are its associated anomalies?

Context: The ultimate goal of reconstruction in anorectal malformations (ARM) in children, is to create a functional and anatomically

(This section is meant for residents to check their understanding regarding a particular topic) QUESTIONS 1. What are the pre-operative workup /investigations necessary for a baby born with ARM? 2. Briefly describe the aims and details of surgical management of anorectal mal-formations.

Objective: To determine the incidence and types of associated anomalies in children with anorectal