We conducted this study to obtain a comprehensive picture of molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in three neighboring countries, i.e. Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan as a basis for discussing possible hypothesis regarding between-country virus transmission. Our results showed that subtype composition differs between these countries with more variation in Pakistan than Iran and Afghanistan. The CRF3...

One new genus (Roznerathous gen. n.) and 31 new species of Elateridae are described: Athous szalokii sp. n. (Georgia), Agriotes balikesirensis sp. n. (Turkey), Agriotes rozneri sp. n. (Syria), Agriotes sakaryaensis sp. n. (Turkey), Cardiophorus anatolicus sp. n. (Turkey), Cardiophorus aranyos sp. n. (Afghanistan), Cardiophorus burkus sp. n. (Afghanistan), Cardiophorus dicronychoides sp. n. (Afg...

Cultivar Afghanistan peas are resistant to nodulation by many strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae but are nodulated by strain TOM, which carries the host specificity gene nodX. Some strains that lack nodX can inhibit nodulation of cv. Afghanistan by strain TOM. We present evidence that this "competitive nodulation-blocking" (Cnb) phenotype may result from high levels of Nod factors in...

BACKGROUND Military fatalities occur in clusters, and causes differ between theatres of operation or within-theatre over time. AIM Based on around 500 coalition deaths, identify major causes in Iraq and Afghanistan. For consecutive periods (1: May 1 to September 17, 2006, 2: September 18, 2006 to February 4, 2007), ascertain UK and others' numbers deployed to compare fatality rates per 1000-p...

Mathews Journal of Case Reports Hydranencephaly Mohammad Nawaz Nasery1, Farhad Farzam1, Hidayatullah Hamidi2, Jamshid Sadiqi2, Ahmad Reshad Faizi2, Fazel Rahman Faizi2, Marzia Mohammadi2 1Radiology department, Ali Abad Teaching Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan. 2Radiology department, French Medical Institute for Children (FMIC), Kabul, Afghanistan. Corresponding Author: Mohammad Nawaz Nasery, Ali A...

Opium has been cultivated in Afghanistan since 1100 A.D., although production has steadily increased since 1979. Currently, Afghanistan produces three-quarters of the global opium supply, with injection drug use and HIV currently following the opium trade route through Central Asia. Although systematic studies are lacking, heroin use appears to be on the rise in Afghanistan. The purpose of this...

Ariel Higgins-Steele, Piyali Mustaphi, Sherin Varkey, Humayoun Ludin, Najibullah Safi and Zulfiqar A. Bhutta UNICEF Afghanistan Country Office, UNOCA Jalalabad Road, Kabul, Afghanistan, Ministry of Public Health, Kabul, Afghanistan, Center of Excellence in Women and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan, and Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto,...