the parafascicular nucleus (pfn) of thalamus, as a supraspinal structure, has an important role in processing of nociceptive information. in addition, μ-opioid receptor contributes to supraspinal modulation of nociception. in the present study, the effects of microinjection of naloxone (a non-specific opioid-receptor antagonist) and naloxonazine (a specific μ-opioid receptor antagonist) were in...

This article provides a simple overview of acute trigeminal pain for the non dentist.This article does not cover oral mucosal diseases (vesiculobullous disorders) that may cause acute pain.Dental pain is the most common in this group and it can present in several different ways.Of particular interest for is that dental pain can mimic both trigeminal neuralgia and other chronic trigeminal pain d...

the effect of low intensity laser radiation in the treatment of acute and chronic pain is now established in many studies. trigeminal neuralgia is a pain passes through nerve’s branches and its trigger is located in skin or mucosa that could lead to pain with a trigger stimulus. the pain involved branches of trigeminal nerve that sometimes has patients to seek the treatment for several years. n...

The parafascicular nucleus (PFN) of thalamus, as a supraspinal structure, has an important role in processing of nociceptive information. In addition, μ-opioid receptor contributes to supraspinal modulation of nociception. In the present study, the effects of microinjection of naloxone (a non-specific opioid-receptor antagonist) and naloxonazine (a specific μ-opioid receptor antagonist) were in...

In conscious rats implanted with an intracerebroventricular (icv) cannula, effect of icv injections of histamine, chlorpheniramine (H(1)-receptor antagonist) and ranitidine (H(2)-receptor blocker) was investigated in a rat model of acute trigeminal pain. Acute trigeminal pain was induced by putting a drop of 5 M NaCl solution on the corneal surface of the eye and the numbers of eye wipes were c...

In conscious rats implanted with an intracerebroventricular (icv) cannula, effect of icv injections of histamine, chlorpheniramine (H -receptor antagonist) and ranitidine (H -receptor blocker) was investigated in a rat model of acute trigeminal pain. Acute trigeminal pain was induced by putting a drop of 5 M NaCl solution on the corneal surface of the eye and the numbers of eye wipes were count...

Orofacial pain' most commonly occurs due to dental causes like caries, gingivitis or periodontitis. Other common causes of 'orofacial pain' are sinusitis, temporomandibular joint(TMJ) dysfunction, otitis externa, tension headache and migraine. In some patients, the etiology of 'orofacial pain' remains undetected despite optimal evaluation. A few patients in the practice of clinical dentistry pr...