Acetolactate synthase (ALS; EC 4.1.3.18) and ketol-acid reductoisomerase (KARI; EC 1.1.1.86) are two consecutive enzymes in the biosynthesis of branched-chain amino acids. Several commercial herbicides inhibit ALS as their primary site of action. KARI has also attracted attention as a potential target for herbicides. Although potent and selective inhibitors of KARI have been discovered, these i...

There is substantial evidence implicating both inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathogenesis. We investigated the therapeutic effects of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitors both alone and in combination with creatine in the G93A transgenic mouse model of ALS. Oral administration of either celecoxib or rofecoxib significantly improved motor perfor...

Cerebrospinal Fluids (CSF) of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) patients have increased levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-18. Because IL-18 is produced by dendritic cells stimulated by the Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a major neuroinflammatory mediator, it is expected that PAF is involved in ALS. Pilot experimental data on amplification of PAF receptor (PAFR) mRNA by RT-PCR show tha...

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the third most prevalent neurodegenerative disease affecting upper and lower motor neurons. An important pathway that may lead to motor neuron degeneration is neuroinflammation. Cerebrospinal Fluids of ALS patients have increased levels of the inflammatory cytokine IL-18. Because IL-18 is produced by dendritic cells stimulated by the platelet-activating fa...

Approximately 10% of cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive and fatal degeneration that targets motor neurons (MNs), are inherited, and approximately 20% of these cases of familial ALS (FALS) are caused by mutations of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase type 1. Glutamate excitotoxicity has been implicated as a mechanism of MN death in both ALS and FALS. In this study, we test...

Following growers’ reports of herbicide control problems, populations 30 wild oats, Avena fatua, were collected from the south-east main arable counties Ireland in 2016 and investigated for occurrence potential resistance to acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors pinoxaden, propaquizafop cycloxydim, as well acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron. Plant survival ?2...

Abstract Field and pot experiments were conducted in Greece to study the occurrence of resistance silky windgrass acetolactate synthase (ALS)- acetyl-CoA (ACCase)-inhibiting herbicides. Twenty-four populations examined whole-plant response experiments. High levels field-evolved chlorsulfuron (0% 28% control terms fresh weight reduction) with recommended field rates confirmed most populations. H...

Acetolactate synthase (ALS) was isolated from a field population of cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) that developed resistance to the herbicide Scepter following three consecutive years of application. The active ingredient of Scepter, imazaquin, gave an inhibitor concentration required to produce 50% inhibition of the enzyme activity that was more than 300 times greater for the resistant enzyme...

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease where motor neurons in cortex, brain stem, and spinal cord die progressively, resulting in muscle wasting, paralysis, and death. Currently, effective therapies for ALS are lacking; however, identification of pathological TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) as the hallmark lesion in sporadic ALS suggests new therapeutic targets f...

Herbicide resistance in weeds, including corn poppy (Papaver rhoeas L.), is an increasing problem compromising global crop production. The aims of this study were to evaluate the susceptibility P. populations Poland acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors and elucidate their mechanisms resistance. Between 2017 2020, 157 seed samples collected nationwide a dose-response with various ALS-inhibitin...