10 Quantification of electroinactive dopants in conductive polypyrrole (PPY) films was performed with electrochemistry combined on-line with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (EC/ICP-AES). Anion (HSO4−) ejection out of a PPY film was first chosen as a model system and the results obtained with EC/ICP-AES were found to be comparable with values deduced by electrochemical qu...

From about the mid-1980' s to the mid-1990' s there was a flurry of research activity in the area of database triggers and constraints, seeing the development of numerous research proposals and prototypes. Soon thereafter, most mainstream database products ramped up their support for constraints and triggers, with expressive constraint specifications appearing in the SQL-92 standard, and both c...

Commercial shipping cannot readily reduce its dependency on fossil fuels. Ships are large energy consumers and need to carry sufficient fuel for a voyage. The principle of green steaming, when ships travel at slower speeds to arrive just-in-time, is discussed and a methodology developed to estimate the carbon savings resulting if the industry were to adopt this practice. The method is based on ...

n 1499, when portuguese explorer vasco da gama returned home after completing the first-ever sea voyage from Europe to India, he had less than half of his original crew with him— scurvy had claimed the lives of 100 of the 160 men. Throughout the Age of Discovery,1 scurvy was the leading cause of death among sailors. Ship captains typically planned for the death of as many as half of their crew ...

The Pepper Wreck is an early 17th Century nau da India, the first Portuguese Indiaman ever to be excavated by archaeologists, and it is believed to be the remains of the Nossa Senhora dos Mártires, lost on the Tagus River sandbar, Portugal, in 1606. The archaeological remains yielded enough information to allow a tentative reconstruction of the hull and rigging. A series of tests was performed ...