حي ت يو جذومنلأا ىلع يطخلا ريغ أ ،ءاملا ةمدص رث جاوملأاو يلاقتنلاا ه ، ةفاضإ ىلإ ضيف ءا ملا . مب ا نمق ه تءافآو ما ظنلا ة ناتم ة ساردلو أ ة شقان تاز يمملاو تابارط ضلاا ر ث (Parameters) ملا ر يغت ة بُ لطتيو ، مُيم صت ةَ فرعم ما ظنلا اذ ه ي ف ر يغتلا ىد م هذ ه مي ق تازيمملا . ةُقيرط تمدخُتسا دقو H ∞ يف دودحلا ةد يدع ميمصتلا . تا نارتقلاا را بتخا م ت ا مآ لا ة يكيمانيدلا ة ننقملا مكحت لل ة بولطملا ...

In Table 1 below, we explore the distribution of health spending for a given population. Here we array the population in deciles, from deciles of individuals with the lowest health spending per capita to deciles of individuals with the highest per-capita health spending. These deciles are shown on the leftmost column of Table 1. Individuals in the 9 and 10 deciles represent the presumably sicke...

Screens in mosaicDrosophila tissues that use chemical mutagenesis have identified many regulators of growth and patterning. Many of the mutant phenotypes observed were contingent upon the presence of both wild-type and mutant cells in the same tissue. More recently, large collections of RNAi lines or cDNAs expressed under Gal4/UAS control have been used to alter gene expression uniformly in spe...

The present study investigated whether peroxynitrite (ONOO)-elicited cytotoxicity on human brain vessel smooth muscle cells (HBVSMCs) was related to alteration in programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) gene expression. Cell viability, morphological changes and apoptosis were determined by methylthiazoletetrazolium (MTT) assay, acridine orange staining and flow cytometry, respectively. Expressions of P...

The mammalian immune system has an extraordinary potential for making receptors that sense and neutralize any chemical entity entering the body. Inevitably, some of these receptors recognize components of our own body, and so cellular mechanisms have evolved to control the activity of these ‘forbidden’ receptors and achieve immunological self tolerance. Many of the genes and proteins involved a...

Diet is a major factor in the aetiology of colorectal cancer (CRC). Epidemiological evidence suggests that folate confers a modest protection against CRC risk. However, the relationship is complex, and evidence from human intervention trials and animal studies suggests that a highdose of folic acid supplementation may enhance the risk of colorectal carcinogenesis in certain circumstances. The m...

The investment decisions of small-scale farmers in developing countries are conditioned by their financial environment. Binding credit market constraints and incomplete insurance can limit investment in activities with high expected profits. We conducted several experiments in northern Ghana in which farmers were randomly assigned to receive cash grants, grants of or opportunities to purchase r...