Having knowledge of stability of an underground space depends on stresses and strains around it. Creating underground tunnels leads to significant changes in the rock mass stress. Therefore, to achieve the necessary stability, stresses and deformations around the tunnel must be examined carefully. Usually, stress-strain behavior analysis is conducted in two-dimensional mode. This paper was cond...

BACKGROUND Ebstein's anomaly (EA) has various spectrums in clinical and anatomic features. This study aimed to report the experience of two-dimensional intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (2D-ITEE) during the EA surgery and to analyze the characteristics of the tricuspid valve (TV) by comparing the data from 2D-ITEE with the results from the surgery. METHODS 2D-ITEE data of 164 pa...

The established strand-displacement model for mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) replication has recently been questioned in light of new data using two-dimensional (2D) agarose gel electrophoresis. It has been proposed that a synchronous, strand-coupled mode of replication occurs in tissues, thereby casting doubt on the general validity of the "orthodox," or strand-displacement model. We have...

A system for analyzing left ventricular (LV) electromechanical asynchrony based on transesophageal 3-dimensional echocardiography (3-DE) and semi-automatic endocardial contour detection is described. Eighteen consecutive patients underwent 3-DE. Using TomTec 4DLV software, a 3-dimensional endocardial surface was reconstructed throughout the cardiac cycle. Matlab software generated color-coded p...

High-rise buildings subjected to lateral loads such as wind and earthquake loads must be checked not to exceed the limits on the maximum lateral displacement or the maximum inter-story drift ratios. In this paper, a sensing model for deformed shapes of a building structure in motion is presented. The deformed shape sensing model based on a 2D scanner consists of five modules: (1) module for acq...

BACKGROUND The fascia provides and transmits forces for connective tissues, thereby regulating human posture and movement. One way to assess the myofascial interaction is a fascia ultrasound recording. Ultrasound can follow fascial displacement either manually or automatically through two-dimensional (2D) method. One possible method is the iterated Lucas-Kanade Pyramid (LKP) algorithm, which is...

MRI tissue tagging[1] of the heart produces noninvasive markers within the muscle wall that can be used to measure motion and deformation (Fig. 1a). However, the widespread use of tissue tagging has been limited by time-consuming image post-processing. This paper outlines a method for automatic 3D tracking of LV motion from 2D MRI images acquired from multiple views. Since the tags form a repet...

Earthquake force, loading more than structural capacity, cracking, material fatigue and the other unpredicted events were undeniable in the structure life cycle in order that environmental conditions of the structure would be changed and treats health. Damage of structures such as crack, corrosion of the post tension cables from inappropriate grouting of the post tension structures and etc. can...

Shear modulus imaging, often called elastography, enables detection and characterization of tissue abnormalities. In this paper the data is two displacement components obtained from successive MR or ultrasound data sets acquired while the tissue is excited mechanically. A 2D plane strain elastic model is assumed to govern the 2D displacement, u. The shear modulus, μ, is unknown and whether or n...

Recently, high-frame-rate ultrasound has been extensively studied for measurement of tissue dynamics, such as pulsations of the carotid artery and heart. Motion estimators are very important for such measurements of tissue dynamics. In high-frame-rate ultrasound, the tissue displacement between frames becomes very small owing to the high temporal resolution. Under such conditions, the speckle t...