A single origin to the diverse mechanisms of metazoan neurogenesis is suggested by the involvement of common signaling components and similar classes of transcription factors. However, in many forms we lack details of where neurons arise, patterns of cell division, and specific differentiation pathway components. The sea urchin larval nervous system is composed of an apical organ, which develop...

2 There has been a wealth of recent interest in proteomics, which involves the global analysis of protein expression and function. Identification of complex protein mixtures is a difficult process that can first involve, for example, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis to resolve individual proteins. These separated proteins can then be hydrolysed with enzymes such as trypsin to their constitue...

Icariin is recognized as the major bioactive component of Herba Epimedii. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-fatigue properties of icariin using a weight-loaded forced swimming test. The mice were randomly divided into four groups, a control group and three icariin treatment groups. The icariin treated groups received different doses of icariin per os (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of body...

Fast-twitch skeletal muscles are specialized for in vivo motor functions that require high power (mastication and load lifting), high speed (eyelid blink), or a combination of the two (withdrawal reflexes and escape responses). Those functions that rely on high power often involve tetanic stimulation of the effector muscles, resulting in sustained force generation even during tetani that are no...

Fast-twitch skeletal muscles are specialized for in vivo motor functions that require high power (mastication and load lifting), high speed (eyelid blink), or a combination of the two (withdrawal reflexes and escape responses). Those functions that rely on high power often involve tetanic stimulation of the effector muscles, resulting in sustained force generation even during tetani that are no...

Fast-twitch skeletal muscles are specialized for in vivo motor functions that require high power (mastication and load lifting), high speed (eyelid blink), or a combination of the two (withdrawal reflexes and escape responses). Those functions that rely on high power often involve tetanic stimulation of the effector muscles, resulting in sustained force generation even during tetani that are no...

In the past, relationships in the sagittal plane have dominated orthodontic thinking to such an extent that the great majority of clinicians did not even bother to procure frontal radiographs (images, headplates). However, several factors have awakened the current clinician to a deeper interest in the transverse dimension1: (1) maxillary palatal dysjunction expansion (rapid palatal expansion [R...

Fast-twitch skeletal muscles are specialized for in vivo motor functions that require high power (mastication and load lifting), high speed (eyelid blink), or a combination of the two (withdrawal reflexes and escape responses). Those functions that rely on high power often involve tetanic stimulation of the effector muscles, resulting in sustained force generation even during tetani that are no...