a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Software and hardware quality assurance Airborne software and hardware Safety certification DO-178B DO-254 To ensure the safety of avionic systems, civil avionic software and hardware regulated by certification authorities must be certified based on applicable standards (e.g., DO-178B and DO-254). The overall safety integrity of an avi-onic system, comprising sof...

This White Paper points out the most significant issues which can be encountered during DO-254 compliant verification process for FPGA designs. It proposes the methods of saving development time during the functional verification process, reusing the work done during RTL simulation and performing the in-hardware at-speed testing in target FPGA devices assuring at the same time a high visibility...

Osteoarthritis (OA), also erroneously called degenerative joint disease, represents failure of a diarthrodial joint. In idiopathic OA, the most common form of the disease, no predisposing factor is apparent. Secondary OA is pathologically indistinguishable from idiopathic OA, but is attributable to an underlying cause, such as trauma or metabolic and endocrine diseases.1 Major trauma and repeti...

Mammalian mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is inherited principally down the maternal line, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. Females harboring a mixture of mutant and wild-type mtDNA (heteroplasmy) transmit a varying proportion of mutant mtDNA to their offspring. In humans with mtDNA disorders, the proportion of mutated mtDNA inherited from the mother correlates with disease sever...

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is an atypical member of the FGF family that functions as an endocrine hormone. Pharmacologic studies show that FGF21 has broadmetabolic actions in obese rodents and primates that include enhancing insulin sensitivity, decreasing triglyceride concentrations, and causing weight loss. In lean rodents, FGF21 expression is strongly induced in liver by prolonged f...

1. the decomposition of obtained scores into true and error components (20, 32, 66, 81, 90); 2. the duality of psychophysics and psychometrics (16, 72, 73, 88, 91); 3. the notion of unidimensionality (33, 34, 51, 68); 4. the conception of test validity as theoretical equivalence, usually called construct validity (21); 5. the scaling ideas derived from various item characteristic curve models (...

Vertebrate body axis formation depends on a population of bipotential neuromesodermal cells along the posterior wall of the tailbud that make a germ layer decision after gastrulation to form spinal cord and mesoderm. Despite exhibiting germ layer plasticity, these cells never give rise to midline tissues of the notochord, floor plate and dorsal endoderm, raising the question of whether midline ...

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality shows dramatic increases in outpatient complete mastectomies in five States. In Colorado, for instance, outpatient complete mastectomies jumped from under 1 percent in 1990 to 22 percent in 1996. Claudia Steiner, M.D., M.P.H., of AHRQ’s Center for Organization and Delivery Studies, and her colleagues Caroline Case, M.D., of Georgetown University, and M...