The paper discusses general problems in using PEG for conjugation to high or low molecular weight molecules. Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) is a highly investigated polymer for the covalent modification of biological macromolecules and surfaces for many pharmaceutical and biotechnical applications. PEGylation is the process of covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer chains to ano...

During the past 30 years, aPL have been demonstrated to be pathogenic [1], therefore aPL carriers should be considered at risk for clinical manifestations and managed accordingly. The problem of long-term primary prevention of thrombosis has puzzled physicians [2]. As we know from large cohorts of patients with aPL, the clinical consequences of thrombosis and its recurrence can be severe. The a...

The boreal biome contains the world’s largest number of lakes that are sensitive to anthropogenic acidification. Thousands of poorly buffered Canadian boreal lakes (Fig. 1) were acidified during the 20 century by acid deposition generated from industrial activity (1). Since 1970, some boreal lakes have shown chemical and biological recovery because of reductions in acidic sulfur oxide emissions...

IN HISTORICAL REFERENCES TO WHAT TODAY WOULD BE CONSIDERED MAJOR DEPRESSION, MOOD DISORDERS HAVE LONG BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN SLEEP PATTERNS. Using the term melancholia, Hippocrates (460-377 BC) already described many features, including “loss of sleep,” by which we define major depressive disorder (MDD) today. Subjective sleep complaints are frequently present in depressed patients,1,2...

a. N1 = {(i1, i2, . . . , in) : ik ∈ Ik for all k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n}} and b. N2 = {(x1, x2, . . . , xn) : ∑n k=1 xk = 0}. Proof. To prove (a), it suffices to show, by Proposition 1, that N1 is nonempty and x + ry ∈ N1 for all r ∈ R and all x, y ∈ N1. For the first condition, (0, 0, . . . , 0) ∈ N1 since Ik is a subgroup of R containing the additive identity 0 for all k ∈ {1, 2, . . . , n}. Tha...

Choroidal osteoma is a unique tumor that comprises mature bone in the circumpapillary or macular region.1 Choroidal osteoma showed evolution with change in clinical features over many years, and cases of tumor growth, tumor decalcification or involution, and related choroidal neovascularization (CNV) were documented.1-4 Herein, we present a case of choroidal osteoma with serous retinal detachme...

Proof. The discriminant of x + 1 is D = 256 = 2. We have x + 1 ≡ (x + 1) (mod 2). Let p be an odd prime (so p D), and suppose the irreducible factors of x + 1 have degrees n1, n2, . . . , nk. By Corollary 41, the Galois group of x + 1 contains an element with cycle structure (n1, n2, . . . , nk). Since the Galois group of x +1 over Q is the Klein 4-group, in which every element has order dividi...