Four new missense mutations have been identified through restriction analysis and sequencing of the mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) from Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) patients who lacked the previously identified 1 1778 mutation. Each altered a conserved amino acid and correiated with the LHON phenotype in population and phylogenetic analyses. The nucleotide pair (np) 13708 mutation (G ...

Individuals from 33 unrelated Australian families with optic atrophy were screened for 10 different single base alterations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) using direct polymerase chain reaction amplification of blood spots collected on Guthrie cards. This method using blood spots allows easily accessible screening forLHON mtDNA mutations wi...

Light has provided unparalleled control over when and where chemical transformations take place (spatiotemporal control), yet a third dimension emerged the incident color of light can tailor reactivity, termed here spectral control. Wavelength-selectivity in polymer science been influenced by pioneering reports light-driven isomerization (photoswitches), deprotection (photocages), coupling (cyc...

•Novel SNAr reactivity discovered with ortho-fluorinated diaryliodonium salts•Efficient diarylation of water, ammonia, primary amines, and anilines•Convenient simple route to triarylamines three different aryl groups•The products are easily derivatized through the retained iodide substituent Diaryl ethers, diarylamines, key structural motives in natural products, pharmaceuticals, material chemi...

22 The development of a successful vaccine against HIV-1 likely requires 23 immunogens that elicit both broadly neutralizing antibodies against envelope 24 spikes and T cell responses that recognize multiple viral proteins. HIV-1 virus like 25 particles (VLP), because they display authentic envelope spikes on the particle 26 surface, may be developed into such immunogens. However, in one way or...