In situ amplitude modulated-atomic force microscopy (AM-AFM) has been used to probe the nanostructure of mixtures of propylammonium nitrate (PAN) with n-alkanols near a mica surface. PAN is a protic ionic liquid (IL) which has a bicontinuous sponge-like nanostructure of polar and apolar domains in the bulk, which becomes flatter near a solid surface. Mixtures of PAN with 1-butanol, 1-octanol, a...

Colloid probe friction force microscopy (FFM) has been used to study the lubricity of propylammonium nitrate (PAN) mixed with n-alkanols confined between sliding silica and mica surfaces. Mixtures of PAN with butanol, hexanol, octanol and dodecanol were investigated for various n-alkanol volume fractions to elucidate the effect of n-alkanol hydrocarbon chain length and concentration on shear fo...

Asymmetric amplification during self-replication is a key feature that is used to explain the origin of homochirality. Asymmetric autocatalysis of pyrimidyl alkanol in the asymmetric addition of diisopropylzinc to pyrimidine-5-carbaldehyde is a unique example of this phenomenon. Crystallization of zinc alkoxides of this 5-pyrimidyl alkanol and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of the al...

The binding of a series of alkan-1-ols, n, = 3-7, to a-cyclodextrin has been investigated by microcalorimetric titration at 288.1 5, 298.1 5 and 308.1 5 K. For nc < 6, the results agree well with a 1 : 1 binding model but for nc = 7, contributions from the formation of 1 : 2 (one alkanol, two a-CD) complexes have to be assumed. Apparent values for changes in standard molar Gibbs energies, entha...

The purpose of this paper was to review and report the recent advances and progress that have been achieved on the fourteen year old PFGC equation of state. This paper will also discuss the good (pros) and the bad (cons) of this equation of state. Emphasis will be made on the following categories:A. Prediction of the pure component PVT properties1. Hydrocarbons in particular n-alkanes2. Selecte...

Chemical communication is widely used throughout the animal world including birds (1-3). The skin glands of vertebrates can release chemical signals such as sex pheromones attracting the opposite sex for breeding (1,2,4). But, the uropygial (also called preen or oil) glands of birds have no sex pheromones characterized (2,3,5). Here, we show that females of the budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulat...

The possible role of uropygial gland-secreted compounds in olfactory discrimination of sex or sex attractants in the budgerigar, Melopsittacus undulatus, was investigated using behavioral 2-choice tests and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. Our data showed that female budgerigars were capable of distinguishing males from females in a Y maze via body odor, indicating its sexual dimo...