Oligonucleotides libraries have been developed for various applications, but the library size of oligonucleotide increases dramatically with the addition of oligonucleotide length. To assess the possibility of shortening library size by using universal base, deoxyinosine (dITP), the effect of single/multiple dITP substituted in oligonucleotide on ligation was investigated. It was found that dif...

dITP may be generated from dATP by a slow, nonenzymatic hydrolysis. While [H]dITP was degraded rapidly to [H]deoxyinosine by HeLa cell nuclear extracts, no net degradation of [H]dITP was observed in the presence of physiological concentrations of ATP, apparently because the extract contained deoxynucleoside diphosphate kinase activity that regenerated [H]dITP from [H]dIDP. Isolated HeLa cell nu...

Drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia (DITP) can be triggered by a wide range of medications. Although many cases of DITP are mild, some are characterized by life-threatening bleeding symptoms. The pathogenesis of DITP is complex, in that at least six different mechanisms have been proposed by which drug-induced antibodies can promote platelet destruction. It is possible in many cases to identif...

Inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPA protein) (EC 3.6.1.19) hydrolyzes deaminated purine nucleoside triphosphates, such as ITP and dITP, to their corresponding purine nucleoside monophosphate and pyrophosphate. In mammals, this enzyme is encoded by the Itpa gene. Using the Itpa gene-disrupted mouse as a model, we have elucidated the biological significance of the ITPA protein and its subs...

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a type of drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia (DITP). DITP is a rare and challenging clinical issue, especially when it is associated with thrombosis. A 62-year-old woman was admitted to our institution with end-stage renal failure. She received heparin for hemodialysis. Six days later, she became febrile and was treated with vancomycin and amikacin an...

Accumulation of modified nucleotides is defective to various cellular processes, especially those involving DNA and RNA. To be viable, organisms possess a number of (deoxy)nucleotide phosphohydrolases, which hydrolyze these nucleotides removing them from the active NTP and dNTP pools. Deamination of purine bases can result in accumulation of such nucleotides as ITP, dITP, XTP and dXTP. E. coli ...

Metronidazole is commonly prescribed and has not been known to cause drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia. We have provided clinical and laboratory evidence with DDabs that metronidazole can cause drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia (DITP). Providers must be aware of metronidazole causing DITP because recognition of thrombocytopenia is critical and cessation of the drug should occur promptly.

ITP and dITP exist in all cells. dITP is potentially mutagenic, and the levels of these nucleotides are controlled by inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (EC ). Here we report the cloning, expression, and characterization of a 21.5-kDa human inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (hITPase), an enzyme whose activity has been reported in many animal tissues and studied in populations but whose pro...

Drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia (DITP) is often suspected in patients with acute thrombocytopenia unexplained by other causes, but documenting that a drug is the cause of thrombocytopenia can be challenging. To provide a resource for diagnosis of DITP and for drug safety surveillance, we analyzed 3 distinct methods for identifying drugs that may cause thrombocytopenia. (1) Published case r...