the different uses and meanings of “rā” have been repeatedly discussed in grammatical books and articles. some of grammarians know it as an indicator and some others know it as a preposition. there have been brought some other meanings for it in traditional grammar books such as: allocation, assistance, argument, description, agreement and concordance. seven uses of “rā” would be analyzed in pr...

Differential Object Marking (DOM) is a prevalent phenomenon in the world’s languages in which the case marking of the object NP is determined by certain semantic factors. Notions such as “animacy”, “definiteness”, “specificity”, and “topicality” are often invoked to explain the semantic contribution of the case marker in languages with DOM. In this paper, I investigate the semantic contribution...

Persian has a case system whereby specific direct objects are marked with the enclitic را =rā. However, spoken language presents greater degree of flexibility regard to =rā marking, espe ...

In the framework of the rest-frame instant form of tetrad gravity, where the Hamiltonian is the weak ADM energy ÊADM , we define a special completely fixed 3-orthogonal Hamiltonian gauge, corresponding to a choice of non-harmonic 4-coordinates, in which the independent degrees of freedom of the gravitational field are described by two pairs of canonically conjugate Dirac observables (DO) rā(τ, ...

The paper argues for the de-emphasis of the reduction of crime fear as a policy objective. The paper rehearses measurement and ethical issues which support such a view. It goes on to report the more nuanced and sophisticated views of community safety practitioners. The paper demonstrates that the abandonment of the reduction of crime fear as an objective would have little effect upon community ...

Firms that operate in the telecommunications industry often have to make large and risky investments in digital infrastructure. This paper examines how firm size affects the incentive to invest in infrastructure projects in industry environments that incur substantial network externalities. We suggest that, in the presence of network externalities, a firm's rate of growth first declines and the...