in the 1960s, discovery of pleasure system (defined as reward system) in the brain that may underlie drug reward and addiction encouraged many scientists to investigate the mechanisms by which drug abuse affects central nervous system function. in this regard, investigators developed several drugs targeting the brain reward system for drug dependence therapy. however, no positive results obtain...

Multivariate reward processes with reward functions of constant rates, defined on a semi-Markov process, first were studied by Masuda and Sumita, 1991. Reward processes with nonlinear reward functions were introduced in Soltani, 1996. In this work we study a multivariate process , , where are reward processes with nonlinear reward functions respectively. The Laplace transform of the covar...

In the 1960s, discovery of pleasure system (defined as reward system) in the brain that may underlie drug reward and addiction encouraged many scientists to investigate the mechanisms by which drug abuse affects central nervous system function. In this regard, investigators developed several drugs targeting the brain reward system for drug dependence therapy. However, no positive results obtain...

In this research, the factors affectinguniversity employees’ motivation and productivity are identified and classified in seven groups; the impact of each motivation factor on the productivity is presented by ANP fuzzy model.Eight universities in Iran were analyzed in this research work. The aim of this study is to explore the productivity of employees. This paper attempts to give new insights ...

Some new constructions of parallelisms in PG(3, q) are given that produce parallelisms consisting of one Desarguesian spread and q + q derived Knuth semifield spreads and other types consisting of one Knuth semifield spread, one Hall spread and the remaining spreads are derived Knuth semifield spreads.

Introduction: Natural rewards are essential for survival. However, drug-seeking behaviors can be maladaptive and endanger survival. The present study was conducted to enhance our understanding of how animals respond to food and morphine as natural and drug rewards, respectively, in a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Methods: We designed a protocol to induce food CPP and compare it ...

due to the importance of employee engagement in the last decade and the significant role which plays in concept of organizational efficiency, identifying the factors influencing this concept can help any organization to grow and improve and also maintain and guarantee the survival of organizations in today’s competitive conditions. one of the factors influencing this concept is organizational r...

We present and solve a real-world problem of learning to drive a bicycle. We solve the problem by online reinforcement learning using the Sarsa( )-algorithm. Then we solve the composite problem of learning to balance a bicycle and then drive to a goal. In our approach the reinforcement function is independent of the task the agent tries to learn to solve.