what is the true nature of meaning? what is its status? what are differences between meaning, concept, referent and fact? is meaning mental or extra-mental or neither? these are fundamental questions on the nature and ontology of meaning.meaning is identified with concept by some, confused with referent by others. some scholars have not distinguished meaning from referent and fact. still anothe...

the subject of the present article is the problem concerning the unity of attributes and its relation to the unity of referent and multiplicity of concepts. in this problem, the theory of non-revealingness (‘adam-i kāshifiyat) of the multiplicity of concepts from multiplicity of referent is proved; and the rival theory, i.e., the revealingness of the multiplicity of concept from the multiplicit...

People evaluate themselves more favorably when they outperform a referent (downward comparison) than when they underperform a referent (upward comparison). However, research has yet to examine whether people are sensitive to the status of the referent during social comparison. That is, does defeating a highly skilled referent yield more favorable selfevaluations than defeating an unskilled refe...

Abstract Traumatic events often lead to counterfactual comparison (CFC), defined as comparing one’s current attributes that of a hypothetical mentally simulated alternative might have occurred but is counter the facts. CFC can differ in its direction and terms referent action. The may be evaluated more favorable (upward CFC) or less (downward alteration (e.g., preventing event) been performed b...

Eliciting emotional responses to mass media messages can be an effective means of changing public health attitudes, intentions and behaviors. This conceptual paper proposes that emotional responses to such media messages can be message-referent, plot-referent, and/or self-referent. Self-referent emotional responses are expected to have a direct effect in motivating behavior change, particularly...

We report the results of an experiment investigating the ramifications of using space to express coreference in American Sign Language (ASL). Nominals in ASL can be associated with locations in signing space, and pronouns are directed toward those locations to convey coreference. A probe recognition technique was used to investigate the case of "locus doubling" in which a single referent is ass...