the late ‘allāma viewed knowledge (‘ilm) as an existential entity and agreed with ṣadr al-muti’allihīn in this respect, saying that knowledge is the presence of an object for an object, i.e. achievement of knowledge for a knower is the achievement of a de facto entity which is pure actuality; since, intuitively, we find that the cognitive form does not have the power to transform into another f...

the discourse of the :union: of the intellect and the intelligible is one of the important philosophical issues and porphyrius and aristotle can be mentioned as among the early advocates of it, which has been common among the peripatetics. however, kandī and fārābi can be mentioned among the early muslims who brought up the issue of the :union: of the intellect and the intelligible, but ibn sīn...

although ‘allāma ḥillī and shaykh anṣārī have pointed out the feature of confirmation (iḥrāz) in some of the practical principles, its refinement has been one of mīrzā-yi nā’īnī’s initiatives. he divided the practical principles into “confirming and non-confirming. the confirming principle determines the practical duty of the religiously ccountable (mukallaf) in view of reality, such as: istiṣḥ...

infinite regress is among the most important philosophical issues which is imaginable in three forms: ascending, descending, and a combination of the two. philosophers have considered the invalidity of infinite regress as based on two conditions: successive order of regression individuals to each other and the potential conjunction of all individuals in existence. mīrdāmād believes that the con...

the misconception (shubha) of absolute nonexistent – which we have named as paradox – is not an amusing brainteaser; rather, it is one the significant epistemological issues. its importance can be looked upon from two different viewpoints: research and educational. it is significant from the research viewpoint because it challenges propositions which constitute the foundation of our thinking an...

Some Muslim thinkers have had disagreements over the use of the word “‘ishq” in religious texts since many years ago. The main claim made by those who prohibit the use of this word for the sacred associations such as God, the Prophet (s), and Imāms is that the meaning of this word is appropriate only to the material and carnal issues and so, it has not been used in religious texts and its conce...