Bacterial Sec7-domain-containing proteins (RalF) are known only from species of Legionella and Rickettsia, which have facultative and obligate intracellular lifestyles, respectively. L. pneumophila RalF, a type IV secretion system (T4SS) effector, is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) of ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs), activating and recruiting host Arf1 to the Legionella-containing va...

The Legionella pneumophila effector protein RalF functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that activates the host small GTPase protein ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf), and recruits this host protein to the vacuoles in which this pathogen resides. GEF activity is conferred by the Sec7 domain located in the N-terminal region of RalF. Structural studies indicate that the C-terminal re...

We present RALF, a framework for end-to-end evaluation of register allocators. Built on top of gcc, RALF enables evaluation and comparison of register allocators in the setting of an industrialstrength compiler. RALF supports modular plug-and-play of register allocators without modifying the compiler implementation at all. RALF provides any plugged-in register allocator with an intermediate pro...

The Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm system is a type IV secretion apparatus that transfers bacterial proteins into eukaryotic host cells. The RalF protein is a substrate engaged and translocated into host cells by the Dot/Icm system. In this study, the mechanism of Dot/Icm-mediated translocation of RalF has been investigated. It was determined that RalF translocation into host cells occurs befor...

Rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs) are plant small peptides that could induce a rapid pH increase in the medium of plant cell suspension culture and play a critical role in plant development. The evolutionary process of the RALF gene family remains unclear. To obtain details of the phylogeny of these genes, this study characterized RALF genes in Arabidopsis, rice, poplar and maize. Phylogenet...

TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface... ......... ....................................................................................................... 1 1. General Introduction to Meta-Analysis ......................................................... 3 1.1 Reviewing and integrating the research literature ............................................ 3 1.2 Vote-counting: An inadequate attempt at quanti...

In this paper, we propose RALF, a new FEC-based error control protocol for layered multicast video. RALF embodies two design principles: decoupling transport layer error control from upper layer mechanisms and decoupling error control and congestion control at the transport layer. RALF works with our previously proposed protocol RALM — a layered multicast congestion control protocol with router...