Neural networks show a progressive increase in complexity during the time course of evolution. From diffuse nerve nets in Cnidaria to modular, hierarchical systems in macaque and humans, there is a gradual shift from simple processes involving a limited amount of tasks and modalities to complex functional and behavioral processing integrating different kinds of information from highly specializ...

Urinothorax is seen quite rarely in the etiology of pleural effusion. Pleural effusion due to urine accumulation in the thorax is known to be secondary to urinary obstruction, trauma, retroperitoneal inflammatory or malignant process, failed nephrostomy or kidney biopsy. The lack of reported cases may be owing to the lack of suspicion. This is a report of a patient with urinothorax, resulting f...

Fluoride-releasing materials can be expected to inhibit secondary caries and enhance remineralization of decalcified dentin underneath restorations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect on secondary caries and remineralization of decalcified dentin by fluoride-releasing adhesives. Two commercial fluoride-releasing adhesives, Reactmer bond (RB, Shofu) and One-up bond F (OB...

MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS Phenelzine (Nardil) and tranylcypromine (Parnate) are the two most commonly prescribed MAOIs in the United States, and they account for the majority of toxicity seen with this class of agents. The pharmacologic effects of MAOIs are listed in Box 147.1. These effects in overdose may result in a sympathomimetic toxidrome followed by profound hypotension. A therapeutic...

Akalazya, alt özefageal sfinkterin yetersiz gevşemesi ve özefagusta peristaltizmin olmaması durumudur. Nefes darlığı yakınmasıyla kendini gösterebilir. On sekiz yaşındaki erkek hasta öksürük, nefes darlığı ve hırıltı yakınmasıyla hastaneye başvurmuş ve astım tanısı almıştır. Yakınmalarında düzelme olmaması üzerine astım tedavisi giderek artırılmış ve en sonunda kontrolsüz astım ön tanısıyla kli...